Political and International Approaches
Year:2008 | Volume:- | Issue:13|Papers Count:8

Kant's philosophy as one of the more important representations of modernity is a trilogy of basic questions: What is it that could be known? (Epistemology and science philosophy). What is to be done? (Philosophy of morals and jurisprudence). What can be hoped to? (philosophy of history). In this philosophical school theoretical place of the political is the main focus. The basis hypothesis in this article is So: the epistemological, moral and legal trajectories in Kant's philosophy that are based on concepts such as kingdom of ends, commonwealth, civil state, rechtstatt and stable peace more and more reveals (contrary to a common belief that is based on moral and legal footprints in Kant's philosophy) signs of Kantian idea of the political (moral, legal, social and cosmopolitan politics).Present article reviews these concepts and their relation to the epistemological, moral and jurisprudential philosophies of Kant. The basis for this article is the Kant's theoretical network.

Different evaluations have been made of Ninth Cabinet's foreign policy. Those who believe in change, find essential and qualitative changes from the past while others see it as the continuation of what it has been previously. In this article the author illustrates that each of these beliefs shows a part of the essence and quality of foreign policy of the fundamentalist government. The foreign policy of present administration has maintained both change and continuation; while it has been a continuation of past policies, has at the same time undergone change too. The nature and basics of past policies have continued, however within the framework of those policies, behavioral principals and directions have become aggressive. Strategy of revisionistic non-alliance and three principals of maximized fundamentalism, justice and peace Seeking have dominated the policies of present government. An evolution has resulted in redefinition of relation with the West, policy of looking toward the East, Third -worldism, Latin- Americanism, critical dialogue with United States and reviewing of its own nuclear policies.

This paper considers the interaction of society and State in Iran with regard to socio-political spheres of Safavid and Qajar era, emphasizing the fact that Iranian despotism has social roots. Using Migdal's Weblie society model, the author explains that the politics in Iran is determined by disputes among different socio-political elements and the Iranian socio-cultural characteristics formed in a long history of the country and have made it more complicated in a kind of multi-dimensional network of power.

The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran was passed by the Assembly of Constitution Experts in 1979. It was reviewed by the council for the Revision of Constitution in 1989. The answer "why constitution was reviewed" and the reasons for qualitative changes in the political authority in the post revolution era is based on a fundamental principal: social and political changes in contemporary Iran are the result of challenges between traditionalism and Modernism. On one hand, the need for economic reconstruction after eight years of Iran-Iraq war required concentration of power in the executive branch and a quick dispute settlement mechanism between the three branches of government. However, dismissal of Ayatallah Montazeri from his position as the successor of the Supreme Leader, severe illness of Imam Khomeini and creation of a suitable atmosphere as a consequence of acceptance of U.N. Resolution 598 to end the Iran-Iraq war on the other hand, expedited the process of amending the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, the changes in the revision of the constitution in 1989, developed the charismatic authority into rational and legal one. 

Past events are transferred to others through either written or oral report. In this prospect, history, in both written and oral form, is a mean of communication among men. Therefore history is a kind of discourse; so it is a meaningful tool of interconnection among humans. Two main factors in realizing a discourse is time and language. Basic chore of history as a discourse consists of narrations realized through language and application of concepts and words. History as a discourse not only has its roots in and expresses power, but at the same time due to rotation of power, is tightly linked to overriding political discourse too. Such a link has caused particular terminology and vocabulary to be used in different era for writing history and at the same time some words and terms to be neglected. In order to see the accuracy of this claim it would be enough to review the standing of Dr. Mossadegh and Ayatallah Kashani in historical accounts written in the early years of revolution. Another words competing discourses in the Iranian society at post revolution resulted in different presentations of these two important players in the process of nationalization of oil in Iran.

American presidential election, due to political, social, cultural and economical realities, is highly affected by "election campaign". The candidates would succeed only if they can keep their party members unified, attract some of the other party members and probably most important, gain the vote of a large majority of independent voters. It is within the election campaign that the capacity of organizing, nature of programs, priorities and management style of each candidate is determined. At the same time, to win an election one must improve the structures of election mechanism. It is within this context that we take notice of the decisive role of Super Tuesday in determining which party's candidate or candidates have a better chance of winning the nomination of their own party for election.

One of the biggest concerns discussed in the process of globalization of culture and its results is "how much and in what ways each culture would be affected by such a process". In this study the authors try to study the impact of globalization on different cultures (studying Japanese cultures as a model) and illustrate that while native cultures are affected by globalization, they continue their life and being.