JOURNAL OF LAW AND POLITICS
Year:2017 | Volume:12 | Issue:30 |Papers Count:9

As we know, the validity and credit of ancertificate (official document) is supposed as one of its most important effects, but in some cases, in order to protect the rights of individuals, the legislator has been able to abandon this value and the credit of the official document. Regarding to the fact that the rules and regulations are formally and naturally expandedon the adjusting or setting of official documents, their violation, wrongly orfaultily, in addition to be supposed as an offense or a crime, can also lead to the cancellation of that document.But it should be noted that the occurrence of any violation cannot be considered as a cancellation of official documents. The most obvious cases that could lead to the cancellation of an official document are the issuance of proprietary documents. This is due to the misconduct or violation of the competent authorities. However, the legal formalities for the adjustment of official documents are completely obvious and clear. But, the effects of the revocation of these documents are important for the beneficiaries and relevant authorities. This ambiguity leads to waste of cost and time, confusion, disagreement, and prolongation of the investigation process. So, in this paper, the elements and attributes of the proprietary documents, the invalidation process, and its effects, are cited with a documentary evidence of the Supreme Court to identify the optimal result.

Claims in courts are reviewed and the procedures and their characteristics and characteristics are one of the structures of civil law science. Examination of conflicts between the two sides of the dispute and the consideration of the quantitative and qualitative structure of the existing cases and the claims of the parties to the civil litigation from the criteria of the dispute Mutual in civil procedure. Justice The judicial review process requires two relevant legal cases to guide the exchange of these demands and claims to a more precise structure of the implementation of civil justice. Comparing and adapting the characteristics of mutual claims and using the best methods for better implementation of justice and fairness in civil cases. The aim of this article and the desirable purpose of the comparative study of counter-actions in Iranian and American law is. In this research, the author has used a descriptive-analytical and librarian approach and studies the internal and external resources. An examination of the comparison of cross-claims in two different systems of Iran and the United States in order to establish a precise and complete interrogation clause and Ultimately, there is a reduction in the number of prosecutions and a reduction in the number of cases in the justice system and better justice.

Consumer awareness right is considered as one of his/her most important rights, the protection of which can help to establish a constant legal relationship consistent with the real consumers’ will and intention prior to the conclusion of a contract. In addition to obligation to disclose precontractual information which is based on general principles and legal basics and can lead to informed consumer decision making, at this stage, advertising goods and services can contribute to informed consumer decisionmaking due to the role they play in consumers’ awareness and interest raising. In some cases, they can also play a reverse role by reflecting cases contrary to reality. trade mark proprietors and consumers have parallel interests, especially in relation to deceptive and confusingly similar trade marks. Therefor, through their awareness raising and differentiation making roles resulting from quality and origin of different goods and services, trade marks can help consumers to make an informed decision by reducing their searching costs.

Mediation is an alternative dispute resolution, so that by mediation of third party disputes resolved in amicable, mutual and bilateral way. This method resolves disputes out of court called non-adversarial method. Thus, it’s not only free from main procedural deficits like procedure longevity and high expense features but also resolve the dispute in mutual intimate way through satisfaction due to bilateral agreement. This is the most common method in commercial disputes because through intimation resolving the problems and disputes, in turn increase parties bilateral commercial relationships positively In comparison with two methods of negotiation and arbitration as two main amicable methods of problem solving methods it might say that mediation is the climax of amicable agreed resolutions. Knowing mediation, its types and how mediation resolves dispute in particular, in commercial disputes are the main issues studied in this article precisely.

Study the legislative process in management and prpmoper uyilization of natural resources su as forests and meadows suggests that the relevant regulations have shortcomings, serious and last enactment of the legislature that the increase in productivity in the agricultural sector and Natural Resources Act of 1389 solar and the obstacles of competitiveness and modernization of the financial system enacted in 1394 Solar, objections and defects not only is not deleted but have also been doubled. Some importants of said defects are as follows: determination of deadline for the action of protest against the nationalization of land, elimination stage of the litigation, it is not self-diagnoses made after the last-mentioned legislation, retain or decline the audit committee to fight against the rule of the land dispute Article 56 of the protection and the exploitation of forests adopted in 1367 solar, the type of court in terms of judicial or administrative proceedings, jurisdiction, uncertainty of the verdicts. However, on the one hand to avoid resorting to quasi-judicial description for investigating authorities to protest against the nationalization of land disputes, specific reference to specific methods of legal proceedings seemed uses more suitable for the authorities and on the other hand determination of special branches mentioned in Article 9 of the increased productivity in agriculture and natural resources needs to address the legal among the general reference and appealed to the ownership of fight authentication nationalization be a fight land preliminary claim ownership verification that the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code is to be considered. Present article examines said ambiguities and suggests some solutions.

The definition of consumer and supplier in consumer protection laws, is so important. In fact, The correct protection in this area depends on comprehensive definition of consumer. In Iran's law, The legislator has defiend these two concepts, including the law on e-commerce and the law protecting the rights of car users. By studying the guidlines of the European Union and also examining the law of the United Kingdom and France, deficiencies in our legislator's definitions are identified. In this article, we first deal with the customary and consumer terminology and then examines the definitions of the legislator in Iranian law and the legislator of the European Union and the countries of England and France. And according to the advantages and disadvantages of the above definition, and in order to provide a complete definition, a new definition of the consumer concepts is proposed, with the definitions being carefully considered. Similary, The concept of the Supplier is also examined. We conclude at the end, That the definitions of the domestic legislator are not a comprehensive and impede definition of these two concepts and the need to reform the law is strongly recommended in this area.