JOURNAL OF POPULATION ASSOCIATION OF IRAN
Year:2008 | Volume:3 | Issue:5|Papers Count:9

Rapid and uneven urban development has been one of the most important social problems and complications of developing countries after the Second World War. The explosive growth of the cities is the result of continuous migration of rural to urban areas which one of its socia-economic and physical consequences is expansion of slum dwelling. Regardless of living in the out skirt of the city, slum dwellers are not merged in the culture, economy and community of the city. They form a new social pole. This study is a survey on the affecting socio-economic factors on cultural differences between slum and urban youths (18-30 yrars old) in the city of Shiraz. Implemented theory is a synthetic understanding of the suppositions of Oscar Lewis, Park and Burgess, Rogers and Claude Gruen. Mate selection, familism, patriarchy, and religiosity are our criteria to study the cultural differences between slum and urban areas. It is a cross sectional survey. Its data collected by a questionnaire from 405 Shiraz city youths, selected by cluster sampling method. Multiple regression analysis denotes that mother's occupation, father's occupation, media, size of household, youth's education, and mother's education in the urban areas, father's occupation, media, youth's education, income, size of household for the slum dwellers, and media, father's occupation, size of household, and youth's education for the whole sample are the variables which describe the cultural changes. These variables describe 70 percent of urban dwellers', 61 percent of slum dweller's and 78 percent of the whole sample's variation of the dependent variable.

The emergence of multi-cultural societies and global cities are among the important indicators of globalization, which is marked by extensive immigration process around the world. Based on international data, nowadays, one out of every thirty-five people is living away from his homeland. In this respect, the United Nation has called current century an era of the greatest human displacement in the history of humanity. Although there is no precise statistics about Iranians residing abroad, but according to high council of Iranians in presidential institution, five million Iranians are dispersed around the world. Thus, studying migrants' social problems at their destination is quite essential, because most investigations on Iranians' immigration have focused on measuring their motivations and tendencies (potential immigrants) at the origin, with a general focus on elite migrants. This research employs mixed methods research that integrates questionnaire, narrative interviews, observations, and participant observations. This paper mainly focuses on issues such as iranians' diaspora and a brief account of the present status of Iranians immigration to other parts of the world. Furthermore, it investigates social problems of Iranian immigrants in Sweden, including their employment, marriage, divorce, promoting education after immigration, immigration periods and reasons, satisfaction of life (family, income, job), immigrants notion about the behavior of the host society toward them, adaptation, feeling as outsiders, and their willingness to return to the homeland.

This paper examines the socio-demographic problem of intentional abortions in Iran, Con temporary Iran is experiencing a growing number of intentional abortions alongside institutionalization of the traditional modes of contraceptives, The growing number of intentional abortions is mostly related to the socio-economic changes of the past decades, According to the latest statistics, every year more than 80,000 abortions take place in Iran, most of which are done illegally and in an unsafe manner, which often results in mortality of the women or diseases, This paper will attempt to unfold latent social and cultural norms and values regarding intentional abortions about which societies as well as Iranian families tend not to be cautious, In addition, this paper uses women's experiences in intentional abortions in order to reveal what societal institutions have ignored, We gathered the required data for this analysis through intensive interviews with 26 women in Tehran who had experienced intentional abortion, The primary results indicate that abortion in Iran is still a taboo and is considered a prohibited practice, but women who encounter unwanted pregnancy tend to practice it, In addition, because abortion is an illegal act in Iran, the women who look for it tend to refer to non-specialized practitioners and that may eventually result in risking their health, It seems a revision of the related legal codes and an increase in the level of awareness among couples regarding the contraceptives will contribute to increasing health standards of women and may end in a decrease in the number of unhealthy abortions, This study also contributes to the development of a theoretical synthesis which is based on studying phenomenological experiences of intentional abortions.

The age structure is one of the dynamic aspects of demographic changes which have very strong interrelation with main items of natural growth rate, including birth rate and death rate. These two factors determine age structure on the one hand and mutually can be influenced by the age structure on the other hand. One feature of this relationship appears in the theorem of "momentum", which first was introduced by Keyfitz and further discussion is proposed by Preston. The momentum of population growth resulting from the childbearing of last cohorts before the drop in fertility and subsequently the future childbearing will be influenced by the decline to replacement level of fertility. This paper examines the consequence of fertility decline in Iran. This study used data from 1976 to 2006 decennial censuses and the projection data file (variant medium) in world population prospects (revision 2006). The result shows that in the scenario of a sudden drop in fertility to replacement level, as Preston (1986) argued, the population segment under age T, the mean length of generation, remained growth free and the size of population mainly increased in ages T and over. Therefore, contrary to our presumption, the most important consequence of the momentum is the process of population ageing. As a result, further decline in fertility only will increase the pace of the process.

The aim of this article is to recognize and compare some of the demographic characteristics of Iranian and Indian tribes, who along with their traditions have preserved their social order. One of three types of society in the world is tribal society that Iran and India are availing it. The definition of the tribal system is different in various pans of the world. Tribal system in Iran is based on animal husbandry and growing agricultural means in limited area and such a society is often migrant. While in social tribal system of India, some groups are relatives and make their livings by farming in a wide scope of land, and animal husbandry in a limited area and they are completely settled. Today, the population census of India shows increase in the tribal population. On the other hand, the population census of Iran shows decrease in tribal population despite of its relatively high birth rates. One of the basic causes of this decrease in population of tribes in Iran is its definition who have merely considered the migrating tribes, but never paid attention to those who have settled. It should be known that such a difference in definition caused that population of tribes in India has been increasing while in Iran has been decreasing.

The critical approach of population health is considered as one of the recent interdisciplinary approaches in the demography and sociology of health and medicine which criticizes the conventional perspectives of health. This emerging approach emphasizes on the role and effect of the power, social inequality and social exclusion in order to explain the population health. The critical approach of health population has been deeply inspired and influenced by the Jurgen Habermass and Michael Foucault in their analysis of social-economic forces affecting health. This paper, at the outset makes a brief review on the conventional perspectives on population health; then, it points out to the recent evidences dealing with the theoretical and methodological turns towards the critical approach of population health, its relation with social exclusion, and the main principles and implications of this new approach. Finally, the paper particularly focuses on some evidences concerning to health/diseases among Iranian women and analyze their causes based on critical approach of population health.

The aim of this survey is studying the factors affecting couples tendency to divorce in Darab. Theoretical framework of this survey has been designed by a synthetic of family and deviation theories. Family theories include the theories of exchange, family development, systems, roles and network. Social deviation theories include Durkheim and Merton's theories. Data for this study has been collected by interviewing 150 man or woman who had come to court to submit their divorce application. There were 115 women and 35 men out of 150 persons who were interviewed. Then data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics. In multivariate regression analysis for predictive equation of woman's tendency for divorce, variables including period of knowing and joint life and age difference could explain 64 percent of dependent variable variation, and for men, variables including period of knowing, age difference and number of children could explain 77 percent of dependent variable variations.