PEYKE NOOR JOURNAL
Year:2003 | Volume:1 | Issue:2|Papers Count:12

This article introduces the elements of education. Firstly, it raises this question: What elements or indicators are most effective for education to play its role in sustainable development? Then, the article focuses on learning opportunities and participative teaching-learning process and, by presenting the pattern of this kind of learning, it indicates the role of fast feedback to learners as a successful factor in learning. New learning environment, multimedia system and new pedagogic challenges which are the important issues for the teachers of the future distance and open learning universities are also discussed in the article.

This article provides an etymological study of the word 'Ghazvin'. In this relation, the relevant sources from the third century AH up to now have been studied in order to present an answer to the question posed by the author on the root of the word. In the concluding part of the article, based on the research conducted, a new view is given about this word.

The first part of this article introduces Khawja NaSir al-Din Tusi’s personality and his impression on the Isma‘ilis. In hisstudies, the author recognizes the political position of Khawja as an effective factor in the decadence of the Abbasid dynasty and also in the promotion of science and culture in Iran. In the second part, mathematical works of Khawja and Abu Raihan-i Biruni as well as the impression of Abu Raihan’s works on Khawja in spherical trigonometry are examined.

Water is one of the most fundamental elements of life. Benefiting from safe water is essential for human beings and it is recognized as a civilization criterion.No country can maintain its political, social and economic stability without having reliable water.Nowadays, shortage and pollution of water have endangered lives of millions of people, especially in undeveloped countries.As long as this crisis is not improved through a powerful and effective management, a great calamity will be brought up in a near future. UN statistics reveal sthat millions of world population are devoid of safe water and suffer from different diseases.The lack of water resources is the main limitation of development in one-third of the world. Water crisis is an unknown challenge whose human fatality will be definitely more than that of the past contagious diseases, including AIDS, and all wars throughout the world. If a solution is not found, the crisis will kill millions of people annually. In fact, today we are on the sharp edge of a razor and witness destruction of our generation that pretends to be wiser than its ancestors, and yet cannot save itself from destruction. In this article water crisis, one of the world’s of the article is to prevent this catastrophe through recognition of this crisis and presenting some solutions. The finding of this article is that the 21st century is the century of water crisis. Crisis means poverty, misery of agreat number of people, significant growth of social deviations, destructive wars and increase of acute political tensions in the world which will face human generations with serious threat.

The demand of countries for people trained in sports and the trend of structural changes of education at tertiary level call for benefiting from technology more than ever. Since Iran’s population is young and there is a positive attitude towards sports in this country, new technologies and educational media are essential for sports’ education. The absence of interaction between the elements of education and emotional environment among the existing educational challenges of changing the trend of education known as technological education, that is using the dominant technology in education. The aim of this paper is to study the trend for the development of educational technology and its impact on physical education. The effect of this phenomenon on the quality of education is studied on the basis of research findings. Finally, this paper provides a model based on using educational multimedia with the aim of promoting the educational quality dropout and maintaining the minimum necessary interaction between educational elements.

Perhaps none of the literary schools is so expanded as Romanticism n the history of Western literature. The word‘Romanticism’, in its public sense, mainly refers to tender and amorous emotions of the period of adolescence. However, Romanticism from its beginning was applied not only to literature but also to thinking, political and social ideas, religious movements and even economy. Therefore, Romanticism is not merely a literary school, but also an economic, social and political movement which is worth studying comprehensively.In this article, in addition to its terminology, the Romantic school, its background, its dawn and its positive and negative impacts are studied.

In this article the biography and viewpoints of the founder of neogeography, Alexander Von Humboldt, is studied. In the biography, Humboldt’s life and educational qualifications, his tendency to geography, his academic status, the process of his studies and his new philosophical and scientific viewpoints are described. As field studies greatly influence environmentalists’reasonings, the manner of Humboldt’s trips and its results are described separately. Beside, his important book, theCosmos, including his main viewpoints, is introduced under special title.

In the first section of this article, it was stated that Iran’s government and nation, with the support of sages and the admirers of Firdawsi, assisted each other to hold Firdawsi’s Millennium Ceremony which created an enthusiasm and ecstasy among writers and adherents of Iran’s history and culture.The authorities consequently decided to hold a celebration befitting the esteem rank of Firdawsi. Along with this decision, Teimurtash, after being in correspondence with professors like Abbas Eghbal, Inayat-Allah Khan Sami, i, Ibrahim Pourdavoud and Allameh Ghazvini and getting their opinions on collecting copies of theShahnama and editing its text, decided to negotiate with ambassadors of Iran in France, Turkey, Egypt and India and accentuate the identification, collection and purchase of manuscript and published versions of the book through several correspondence. In this part of the article, some of the relevant letters regarding the correction of theShahnama are provided.The ambassadors of Iran in the above-mentioned countries reechoed the result of their studies to the Imperial Court and set forth their problems and suggested their solutions to them. The government and nation agreed that theShahnama has been the ardency of either the kings and the great gatherings or circle of libertines, impostors and jugglers; and narrators have cultivated the sapling of patriotism, humanism and heroic temperament among common people, and as a result, they concluded that taking Firdawsi and his great work into consideration is in line with paying attention to national ideals and ancient history of Iran. Firdawsi’s Millennium Ceremony was held in 1313 Shamsi /1933 AD befitting the high esteem of Firdawsi’s rank so splendidly and magnificently with the presence of orientalogists and sages, and Iranians so proudly participated in this grandeur ceremony. Besides, the tomb of the eloquent and prudent sage, Abu al-Ghasim Firdawsi, was inaugurated with the presence of people and government representatives.

According to the Iranian public census of population and housing in 1996, the urban residents accounted for more than 60% of the country’s population. Urban growth is a world trend; at present, 47% of the world population live in cities. The urban residents will be more than 71% of the world population in 2050. There is no healthy urban pattern in any part of the world, but the positive aspects of developed countries can be used for having healthy cities. Benefiting from advanced technologies, the formation of human life has been accelerated. So cities are changed into comfortable places, while the changing process is on the rise in the world and cities are turned into human development center.We observe different kinds of urbanization in our country.Heavy traffic wastes our time, citizens infringe the rights of one another, the pattern of energy consumption has not been prepared and the pollution is increasing. Also urban economy has not been organized perfectly yet, and the signs of defect can be seen on its face. The present study elaborates on the devastating impact of aimless planning of Tehran’s deve-lopment. This is done through studies on the spatial development of Tehran from the outset up to now. Strategies pertaining to pollutant sources and each type of pollution will be presented. Obviously, every effort for changing the existing condition and improving the urbanization should be supervised by engineers and geographers.