PEYKE NOOR JOURNAL
Year:2004 | Volume:2 | Issue:3 (HUMANITIES LANGUAGE AND LITURATURE)|Papers Count:15

Like most of the other great Iranian poets, and still more than them, Mohammad Taghī Bahār (Malik al-Shu‘arā’) has some viewpoints on stylistics and literary criticism. What makes his views more praiseworthy than others is that he laid the foundation of stylistics in Iran.Stylistic themes of his Dīwān are various and comprise remarks on individual and period styles, creation of style, and judgments about the poems of different old and new Iranian poets. Bahār had no opportunity to compile his poetry stylistic principles but his remarks are of great value and should be completely discussed This article deals with his above-mentioned themes.

Myths make one of the most controversial topics for the human mind and conscience to deal with, especially in the contemporary period when the peresence of different factors has led to myth effacement and sometimes myth antagonism. However, a creative, skillful artist and poet like Nīmā Yūshīj, being aware that thoughts and cultures of present societies are based on the models of the past and that denying them might mean overlooking one’s identity and existence, recreates and renews Iranian myths according to the needs of his society, and involves the people with these deeply-rooted and basic concepts. Since Nīmā’s way of writing myths, in many instances, is different from the common way of his contemporaries, it is not usually easy to examine and criticize his myths within common and conventional frameworks. Therefore, by classifying them on the basis of their semantic field and emotional load, in this article, they are briefly dealt with under the following six titles: Mythical cosmology; The myths of heroes; The myths of prophets; Metaphysical mythical creatures; The myths of phenomena and symbolic animals; Versified mythical stories.

The variety of dialects and accents is very large in Iran and sometimes it is possible that the people of two completely adjacent villages speak two different dialects or accents. The variety of language, dialect and accent can be observed all over Iran. In this article, the author intends to make a comparison between the verb structure of the dialects of Sirjan, Baft, Zarand and Jiroft, located in Kerman province, with that of Haji-Abad and Bandar Abbas, in Hormozgan province, to make a list of their differences.

In his 65th letter, presented in his Maktūbāt, while dealing with the obligatory, recommended and forbidden acts, ‘Ayn al-Ghuzāt-i Hamadānī says, “… and there are some [acts] which are not necessarily obligatory but doing them, regarding the goal, is better. An example is learning a lot of Arabic poetry. Although it is possible to write letters in Arabic without knowing Arabic poetry, it is better to learn the poetry to ornament them. And this kind is called recommended act or mandūb in religious language.”Hamadānī himself has done this and his letters, in proper places, are accompanied by beautiful and gentle Arabic verses. The author of this article tries his best to render these verses and determine their sources.

Ibn Qutayba is undoubtedly one of the remarkable characters of Islamic culture and Arabic literature. He enjoyed a multi-dimensional personality; not only he mastered literature and literary skills, but also he was knowledgeable in more specialized sciences. Therefore, he could be considered a literary scientist or, at least, a scientific literary man. Though some people didn’t accept this and even some erudite men like Bīrūnī and Abū Tayyib Loqavī didn’t see him as a scientist or literary man and criticized him, the author believes Ibn Qutayba is one of the most significant faces of Islamic culture and civilization in the domain of literature and literary criticism, and should be studied carefully. His importance is due to the variety of his works, his different viewpoints, and, especially, his systematic and orderly works that are worthy of being considered.

The treatise entitled Matla‘ Al-Irfān is undoubtedly one of the exegetic works of Amīr Qiyāth al-Dīn Mansūr Dashtakī-ye Shīrazī (866-949 AH) which has been overlooked so far though some of its parts have been identified. There exists more than 80 works by Qiyīth al-Dīn. One of them is the Matla‘ Al-Irfān which is on the interpretation of the Holy Qur’an.The author has almost no doubt that this treatise is a part of the same exegetic series that is written theologically to prove the miracles of the Book. In this treatise, Qiyāth al-Dīn selects the “sarfa” viewpoint, although he explains and approves the related theories of different Muslim scholars.The treatise makes the manuscript 3456 of Astan-e Ghods-e Razavi Library. Its scribe, Mohammad Husseinī-ye Kāzirūnī, has longed for its author a long life. The date of its compilation is Zil-gha‘da 949AH that indicates Qiyāth al-Dīn had been alive till the time of its compilation. In this article the manuscript is introduced and dealt with.

How are the words of a language attached to the world? For example, how are proper names, such as “ Socrates” and “ Tehran”, related to the individuals and objects of the world? Such a question has puzzled philosophers for a long time and the main occupation of many philosophers of the 20th century was to find a definite answer to the question. Traditional Muslim logicians believe that a proper name is a “ referring expression” (in Russellian sense) that, unlike Fregean views, simply designates an individual or object, which is its meaning, without having any other sense than the individual or the object it designates. On the basis of their theory of proper names, one can say that the proposition expressed by an utterance of a sentence like Socrates was a philosopher, wherein the subject position is occupied by a proper name, is a “Singular proposition” about the referent of the name. In this article the theory of proper names is dealt with by examining a number of propositions.

One of the most important biographies of the poets from Yazd is the one called the Tazkirat Al-Silsila, which includes the history and poetry samples of the poets who lived in the period of Yazd’s Sādāt-i Mudarrissī dynasty. There are two manuscripts of the biography; one of them is preserved in central library of Tehran University and the other one belongs to the personal library of Sayid Abo-al-Fazl Sa‘idi-ye Reihāni, Yazd.The biography is written by Sayid Abo-al-Ghāsim Mudarrissī-ye Yazdī, a Yazdi poet of the 14th century AH whose pen-name is Sābir.In this article, the two manuscripts are introduced and compared, and their main characteristics are elaborated.

Manūchihrī is the best representative of the era of nature and natural images in the first half of the 5th century AH. He is also the poet of love and life. His poetry reminds us of a child who sings joyfully and passionately, and if it were not because of his untimely death as a youth, he would have composed more beautiful poems. In this article, first, Manūchihrī is briefly introduced and a definition is provided for ‘myth’. Then, Nourooz, Mehrigan, the Sada celebration and Bahmanjana are explained both from historical and mythical perspectives and their profound impact on every one of his poems is illustrated. In conclusion, those poems mentioning the Iranian kings and mythical heroes and comparing them with the rulers of his time are dealt with.

In the present article, the author tries to provide the readers with one of the most popular, and probably the most valid, methods of making English bibliography. The addressees are those Persian- speaking academics who prepare papers to be submitted to national and international conferences and scientific journals, and those who are engaged in writing books either in Persian or in English. Therefore, subjects like referring to books, collected works and unpublished dissertations are taken into consideration. Apart from the efforts done to indicate the advantages of the method, keeping away from various and, in some cases, incorrect techniques is emphasized. The author’s main objective is to bring about the standardization of referring to English sources.

In this paper, first, I will discuss the importance of raising public’s consciousness about the dominant role of mass arts: “advertising consumerism”.  Then, I will focus on the educational importance of mass arts. Finally, I will talk about the necessity of including mass arts education in the school curriculum, and I will give some examples of the kinds of content that can be included in the curriculum.