payam-e bastanshenas
Year:2012 | Volume:8 | Issue:16|Papers Count:10

The Sarfirouz Abad plain in Iran, which is located on the east side of Mahidasht and west of Central Zagros, has a great potential for the archaeological studies. Nevertheless, due to the lack of archaeological research here, it is now considered to remain archaeologically a less known area. Its geographical location and environmental potentials make it necessary to perform a systematic archaeological research process. Due to this requirement, the SF area was surveyed using an intensive field walking process by a team from Tehran University during a few months in 2009. This fieldwork provided data and for the first time added much useful information to expand our knowledge on the archaeology of the region in general and the Neolithic settlements in particular. From the findings gained through this study, 17 sites were found to have remains attributable to the Neolithic Period. Recent studies show that in SF, settlement began in the early Neolithic Period; three of these sites were identified in various parts of the area. Fifteen locations with settlement and pottery remains showed evidence of the middle and late Neolithic periods. An investigation of the settlement patterns of these Neolithic sites reveals a strong relationship to natural resources, particularly water and sources of flint. With the commencement of pottery in the area, significant changes occurred in the location patterns of the sites. The present study investigates the characteristics of potteries found from site surfaces and developed an interpretation of the Neolithic settlement patterns of the area.

This article discusses the settlement patterns of the middle chalcolithic sites in the Talvar river Basin in an area expanding from the river tributaries to its fairly lower bed eastwardly. The river basin is mostly placed within the both counties of Dehgolan and Ghorveh in Kurdestan Province. The archaeological investigations indicated the rise of occupation and presumably even its beginning in the chalcolithic period coinciding with various ways of life sustenance. In terms of size, elevation and access to the environmental resources, the middle chalcolithic sites (34 sites) could be divided in to several different groups. This issue is possibly based on the different ways of life sustenance. The earliest evidence in the region goes back to the middle chalcolithic period, but this result should not be known finally as both natural and cultural post-depositional alternations such as erosion, sedimentation and cultivation couldplay an important role. This article, however, is based on the yielded data collected as the result of archaeological investigations by provincial ICHO and also the first author who undertook a survey to write his Ph.D dissertation.

Pending the Early Bronze Age, in the early to mid-third millennium, the material culture of central western Iran was influenced by the cultural phenomenon known as Kura-Araxes, or the Early Trans-Caucasian (E.T.C).The first evidence for E.T.C culture in western Iran was revealed at Yanik Tepe, a mound located to the northwest of Lake Urmia. The burnished hand-made ceramics had dark grey-black and red fabric and were decorated with incised and excised geometric patterns, sometimes in-filled after firing with gypsum. The characteristic ceramics were subsequently identified much further south in the Zagros Mountains. Recent fieldwork by Bu Ali Sina Universityhas identified the existence of E.T.C. material at the mound of Tepe Pissa on the Hamedan plain, northwest of Hamadan by Mohamadifar and Motarjem in 2008. This classification and outcome study of cognitive style pottery artifacts from the excavations of the Tepe Pissa. The pottery designs can be said, these motifs are special symbols in the Iranian plateau.

Meimak District is located in southwestern part of Ilam Province, along with Iraqi border to the east of the Mandali region. The district had not yet been targeted by any archaeological investigation until the current survey was directed in the winter of 2011 resulting in discovering 13 sites. These include 4 prehistoric, 1 proto-historic, 4 historic and finally 4 late Islamic sites. The prehistoric sites contain early, middle and probably late paleolithic periods together with Samarra, CMT and Ubaid 2-4, while the only proto- literature site indicates both late Uruk and Jamdet Nasr materials. The survey has also offered some evidence from early to middle Elamite through Parthian and Sassanian periods. However, the late Islamic remains show the temporary pastoroal occupations as those are being presented today in the district. This article is focused on the discussion of the survey achievements.

This article has reviewed after years the previous readings of those two cylinders containing new Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions, unearthed in archaeological excavations in 1340-41by E. O. Negahban in Tepe-Marlik in Northern Province of Iran, Gilan. The both inscriptions already read by G.Cameron and I. J. Gelb, have been revised by the author, and a new reading has been suggested for the one having more words. Of course, this revision happened after the unearth of the metal Urartian bracelet in Tool-e Talesh, Malayan excavation, in1380, by M. R. Khalatbari and reading its Urartian inscription that, the auther decided to write this article by the up mentioned title, with regards to the extant unearthed inscribed artifacts in Gilan, belonging to the C8 and C9 BC , and also to nearly all other inscribed artifacts, relating to the mentioned period of time, including two other Urartian inscribed pieces of metal horse laces. Beside these archaeological inscribed documents, namely: Two Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions of Marlik cylinders,one urartian cuneiform inscription of Tool-e Talesh metal bracelet, and the other two Urartian inscribed pieces, the author has bored in mind the historical literature about the Indo-Iranian immigration in the early centuries of the 1st Millennium BC into Iran, and their settlementsin the north and northwest of Iran, by the name of Caspies, Kadusies, Gils, Gutians, Lulubians and etc., who later, they stablished the small local kingdoms like Andiu, Manna, Parsua, Zamua, Gilzan, which at last their unions led to the foundation of Medes great government. The author at the end of article has come to this conclusion that, since from the Medians, despite their powerful empire, not a single inscription has ever been found, therefore most probably, because of lacking of writing, they also, like their united, above mentioned small kingdoms, have used the neighboring lingo-franca Aramaic or other cuneiform writings, like Assyrian or Urartian. This is what, the mentioned inscribed artifacts, based on the extant documents, which tell us how the peoples in north and northwest of Iran, who later founded the Medes Empire, in 8th and 9th centuries B.C. were also deprived of any indigenous, and independent, writing system.

There are lot of evidences about Sasanian period monuments in Bistoun that according to result of researches, we believe these monuments has builed in late Sasanian period and Specifically during the reign of Khosrow II (590-628 A.D.). These monuments as “Sasani-Ilkhanid building”, “Farhad-Tarash”, “Pol-e-Khosrow bridge”, and “Pol-e-Bistoun bridge” that we should add three Capitals that has insiced bust of Khosrow II. The important point as results of exploration and studies show, Implement all of these projects stopped suddenly and never completed in Sasanian period. For example, evidence can becited to show that arches over the openings in “Pol-e-Khosrow” and “Pol-e-Bistoun” bridges Never has been made, Building operations “Farhad-Tarash” is never completed, and the rooms of “Sasani-Ilkhanid building” never has been formed. In this note has tried, by explaining and comparing these monuments and right dating offer for them, several possible reasons for why the proposed monuments will remain incompleted.

The holiness of Bisotun Mountain (Baghistan), Geopolitical position of Bisotun in western Iranlocated along the one of the main ancient trade routes in western Iran linking the high plateau of Iran to Mesopotamia-existence of permanent spring and rivers such as Gamasiab and Dinavarab and proximity to the Ctesiphon play a key role in attention of Sasanian kings to Bisotun specially at the end of this period. As mentioned, Bisotun is located along an important military and trade route connected the western and eastern parts of Sasanin Empire. Obviously it is necessary to build huge bridge on two permanents Rivers of the area (Gamasiab and Dinavarab) for military and trade proposes. Pol-e Bisotun, Pol-e Khosrw and Pol-e Ghozivand are Sasanian bridges in Bisotun that left unfinished without clear reason at that time. At this paper, the author trying to survey 3 mentioned bridges and also bridge construction activities of Sasanian king in Bisotun region based on archaeological evidences.

Several buildings in the city of Sanandaj have been identified from the Qajar period. One of the buildings of the Qajar period, the city is building Khosrvabad. The building is architecturally important buildings. Mansion is located next to large Chaharbagh. This collection represents the governors and rulers of Kurdistan in the course of this type of large-scale construction. The certificate and the evidence available in this area as a summer resort Chaharbagh Ardalan has been used by governors. The building has a building area of about eight thousand square meters. Given its importance to local historians and even some foreign and domestic travelers has attracted. Making time in a poem on the tablet of stone on the building Khosrvabad 1223.AH Is clear. This is the script Nasta liq. On the inside courtyard of the building entrance has been installed. Fath Ali Shah is the history of the state. In this inscription, the word Chahar, pleasant palace and its founder and his son, Amanullah Khan, Fath Ali Shah Khosrow second of Kurdistan and governors have been mentioned. It was so impressive monuments of the city of Sanandaj. Should be noted that the architecture does not scale for any home in Sanandaj. Some features of this building is a unique building in the west of Iran. This historical record, process, change the structure of architecture, architectural Decoration and other home influence is the city of Sanandaj.