JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES
Year:2005 | Volume:14 | Issue:50|Papers Count:8

The aim of this study is to survey the moral issue of the conflict between social actions and religious ethical values; it aspires to find the social causes of the issue. In order to find the causes for doing what is in conflict with moral values, beside referring to the theories of action, a new theoretical model is developed which is based on the multiple causality and relies on the logic of social status as well as the logic of collective mentality. The theoretical framework of this study classifies both subjective and objective factors that shape social actions that are in conflict with ethical values. The method of this study is surveying although other approaches are used where appropriate. The sample society of the research consisted of 435 high school students aged betweeI?-15to 25 years old chosen from the 3rdand the 15thdistricts of Tehran. The results, with %95 of assurance, aTeapplicable to the whole sample society. The findings of the research are as: 1- There exists a public opinion about religious ethical values. %98.5 of students accepted and believed in such values. 2- There is a divergence and conflict between the social action and moral values of the students. 3- Analysis of data justifies and explains the theoretical model and the existence of causal network of relations between subjective and objective RICOEUR, P, Le Conflit des Interpretations, Paris, Seuil, 1969 Sorokin, A, Fads and Foibles in ModernSocio1ogy, Chicago, H. Regnery, 1956 Wilier, D, and Wilier, J, Systematic Empiricism, Critique of a Pseudoscience, Routledge,London,1989

When we believe human beings are the noblest creatures in the univers, we have to be able to answer what other factors besides having Reason and will, have made man become Allahs representative. We all believe that mankind as a wise and empowered creature has certain obligations and duties toward the Lord and only by fulfilling those responsibilities s/he can seek the Lord"s satisfaction and prove his/her servitude toward him. This raises the question of how a committed man can realize and practice these commitments. The answer to this question from the perspective of the foghahas (Religious Scholars) is that Moslems can realize these responsibilities through Ijtihad, Taghlid and Ehtiat. Thus, it is necessary to discuss Taghlied and Ehtiat and touch upon the different types of Ijtahad. factors invoke those social actions that are in conflict with moral and religious values. In order to avoid conflict between social action and moral values, some suggestions are presented in ihe final chapter of the work.

The calculative foundation of mathematical logic is propositional calculus. Propositional calculus consists of two layers: the surface layer which is the approach of truth foundation; and the underlying layer which is the approach of the axiomatic method. In this paper, the underlying layer of interpreting calculus which is the approach to the axiomatic method will be analyzed. In this article, in addition to introducing the axiomatic method, its two fundamental characters are also examined. The first is the common inferential rule. I have tried to make clearer in this part that modus ponens is the inferential essence of retional system on the one hand and is common for all of them on the other. The other characteristic is its ability of plurality. In this article I have also declared that logic as reasoning not only doesnt need axiomatic method but also this approach discard logic its inferential essence and determines it as a special science.

The principle of causality is one of the most significant principles developed in philosophy and science. Thus, it can be claimed that among philosophical issues, the cause-effect law has been one of the earliest issues that has preoccupied human mind and made him think and ponder about the mystery of the world. The general law of cause - effect is one of the philosophical principles which is part of the common foundation of the SCIences. In this paper, an attempt has been made to briefly address the principle of causality and its opponents and proponents. In addition, the epistemological perspective of causality known as determinism in physics will be investigated.

The reliability and validity of the divine laws revealed through the other manifestation of the Book and the Tradition is an accepted and indisputable principle by religious scholars. However, with the invent of the Akhbariyun in the 11thcentury (Hijri), the validity of the outer manifestation issue was seriously doubted. Akhbariyun denied the validation of the outher manifestation of Quran. In order to justify their position, they openly admitted to certain deviations in the Quran and attempted to verify them. Although their rather authoritative views over the Shiite circles did not last more than one century, the outcome pertaining to some of their beliefs still . remains. However, from the very beginning, the Qsouli (fundamentalist) scholars launched their criticisms and resistance toward their ideas, in a way that even now religious scholars in theological schools accentuate on the reliability and validity of the outer manifestation. In recent years, understanding Quran and the tradition has been doubted by some Muslim intellectuals. To justify their standpoints, these intellectuals have turned to some of the Akhbariyuns ideas and have come closer to their view of denying the validity of the outer manifestation of Quran.

The Aztecs believed in several heavens and hells. The way a person lived and died determined where the soul went after death. For instance, the soul of the worriers who died in battle or were sacrificed in the Offering Stone would go to the "Eastern Heaven". Women who died while giving birth would go to the "Western Heaven". Those drowned, or killed by lightening or leprosy would go to Tlalocan, the Heaven of Tlalouk. But those who werent chosen by the Sun or Tlalouk would go to Mictlan in the north. There, the souls of the dead would simultaneously pass through several hells, and tolerate a series of supernatural trials. Unlike our hell, the souls would either remain in the final hell for eternity of forever be perished.

The classification of the social science methodology into quantitative and other methods is renowned. Despite the fact that the quantitative method certifies scientific inquiries,into theorizing freely and proposing vague and ambiguous propositions (in other words it has been after reduction and affirmation), it has been under severe criticism. Nevertheless, there is a question whether the main gap in social sciences methodology is a matter of quantity and other methods? Moreover, assuming that quantitative method would have had such guarantee, are reduction and affirmation or in another words, the experimental aspect or legitimacy or authenticity of one idea, the sole criterion for evaluation of the social sciences products? It seems that the scientific world has shaped its evaluation of the scientific creation inside a two-dimensional coordinate mechanism. Furthermore, the stance of every inquiry is assigned as the criterion of authentic experiment and expressive power. In other words, it is assigned according to two scales of legitimacyand applicability.