ENVIRONMENTAL BASED TERRITORIAL PLANNING (AMAYESH)
Year:2011 | Volume:3 | Issue:11|Papers Count:12

Most urban planners, especially in the structuralism, believe that various living space phenomena cannot be Studied separately and independentiy of each other. So fundamental coherence theories of urban and reqional habitats can be determined and shown in systems theory. different phenomena can not be a separate living space and studied independently of each other. So fundamental coherence theories of urban and regional habitat found in "systems theory" can be made clear. This study convinced that the space form of Bushehr and Fars provinces urban system reflects social and economic processes that have over time is done. Considering the nature of general guidelines of the study and the third development program, the major research questions and variables to identify factors affecting integrity, balance or imbalance in the spatial organization of urban systems is therefore the aim of this thesis research, and enriching the consistency Studies in the following week to obtain objective evidence about how urban sensing systems and the factors affecting the organization access to it is based on a model that could provide the appropriate spatial organization of urban systems achieved. The research method chosen for theoretical research approach - in which the application of systems theory and methods of descriptive statistics, inferential and planning models are used. In the community survey to measure relationships between urban population of 8262 patients as research subjects were evaluated. In this study the application of systems theory and spatial interaction matrix prepared between the cities studied population research hypotheses were evaluated and eventually became clear that due to the relations in the spatial relationships of urban population, input and output levels in different classes Chi calculated smaller than the amount of Chi Table critical points is likely in a=/05 (Ho) is zero to accept and accepting the hypothesis of zero stars means assume dependence or system elements, and urban centers verification is not, but The centers are independently of each other effective, and they lack a cohesive and systematic relationship.

"Park-Bazaar" term doubtlessly is a new conceptand has a low historical implication in our country, Iran. In this term, Park word is located beside Market word in order to indicate that this set has both commercial and entertainment applications and in passing leisure times. Langeroud, having two weekly markets on Saturday and Wednesday, has undertaken most value of transaction of types of products and goods in east region of Guilan. Since, dispersion of these markets in pathways and sectors of city center has made several problems for citizens, in recent years, "Park-Bazaar" has been utilized in order to obtain certain purposes at the location of "Fajr Park" of Langeroud.The Study method is as kind of descriptive- analytical studies and because of lack of reliable resources in this field, most information required in this study has been exploited from field takes and interview with tradesman and also sellers of small and big stalls (vendors) and then the role of "Park-Bazaar" in spatial changes of the city (including frame, economical, social and cultural) has been collected. Results of this study show that however, stores inside "Park-Bazaar" have less effect on urban spatial changes, because of low population and economic prospering, however "Friday Park-Bazaar" with activity of its small and big stall sellers, in addition to increase prosper of Park-Bazaar, and have caused to most effects on urban spatial changes.

Informal settlement as a main social, economic, political etc. challenge is a significant problem in the world’s large cities especially in metropolitans of developing countries such as Iran that encountered the country’s cities with new problems. Almost all of the large cities in Iran like Qom are encountered with the problem of informal settlement and its unfavorable effects. In this city, considering the low homogeneity of economic conditions of marginal settlements, separation based on ethnic is shaped. Shahrake-Qaem in which most of its residents are Afghans is one of the informal settlements of Qom city where its housing malformation has been investigated. The main characteristic of the marginal settlement is non-standard and low quality houses. Hence, constructing material and the number of rooms are of the main factors that determines the quality of the houses. The goal of this paper is identification of quantitative and qualitative conditions and specifications in malformed settlements in order to specify the physical-social inconveniences. Therefore, by using a comparative method, the housing indices in Shahrake-Qaem, Qom city and developing countries are compared.The results of this investigation show that with respect to the low social awareness of the residents and their indifference to the population control policies, the rate of normal population growth in this district is high, and the family size reaches to 5.48. Furthermore, due to the high Afghan residents in this area, the family size is higher than that for Iranian families and reaches to 6.7. High family size in this district results in increase in sponsorship, high population density and decrease in house percapita. The results also show that the standard level of housing indices in this area is lower than that for the entire city. The ratios of room per housing and person per room in district are 1.6 and 4.5, respectively, which are in a lower level compared with developing countries. However, the ratio of person per room has a highest malformation compared with other housing indices in Shahrake-Qaem.

Land use planning is the process of allocating different land uses into different units of land with consideration of ecological and physical characteristics of land. In this process not only the type of activity but also its location is determined. The goal of this process is to achieve sustainable development that considers economic, social and environmental issues. So we face with multi-objective optimization problems. For solving these problems, multi-objective optimization methods are used. One of the popular methods for land use management problems are Genetic algorithms. In this paper, coding and defining objectives of these problems are discussed. Also we used NSGA-II for industrial planning of Barkhar with economic and social consideration, environmental issues were used as constraints.

Determining the urban centrality is affected by many indicators and parameters which are generally classified in two levels of formal and functional indices. Theoretical examination in determining the spatial patterns of urban centrality are showed by dicators such as, land price, travel absorption ratio, population density, building density, etc. In this paper, to determine the urban centrality and citing available statistics and data sets have been used four indicators including employed population density, travel absorption ratio in order to work, regional land price and percentage of buildings higher than three floors. These four indicators were used separately in Mashhad municipality districts in order to determine the centrality of Mashhad city. to do so, relevant information and statistics were analyzed on the standard scores model and entropy coefficient method. Correlation results of these two models using SPSS correlation tests in spite of some differences, showed the results probability higher than 0.95. It has a significant relationship together (R=0.8, R2>0.2). Therefore based on arithmetic mean of the results of two models 1- unit index has been calculated and confirmed separately for Mashhad municipality districts in GIS program. 2- It has been showed that in addition Samen district in Mashhad, district 1, District 8 and District 11 have the conditions of becoming to urban centrality. However, determining the urban centrality in current situation and forecast its future spatial diffusion has an effective role for strategy compilation and land use evaluation in different urban areas.

In developing countries, the main question so stable is why citizens have been excluded from construction plans and which factors have deprived them from their citizen rights?The response to this question is simple and recusant: political economoy of these countries has been planned in a way that this fundamental question is less discussed. Manuel Castle attends truly to the abstruse relationship of urban classes and subject of of power. His concept in this context is an altered concept from Pareto thesis that said '' a position which anybody can't without aggravate another person achive to is the better position.''Therefore, only with true perception of the social organization relationships, understanding and analysis of flow capital, information, inequality, migration, poverty reproduction, social threats , in them material base( cities), is possible . Squatter settlement is the eventual dimension of flows that incentive unstability in urban and region scale. This research deals with the economic and social variables and those special impact among urban poverty and Squatter settlement.

House which shelter human being from cold, warm weather and natural disasters, is closely related to the climate. Before man access to fossil energies, his comfort in residential environment was provided by adapting the structure of buildings with climatic conditions and natural forces. Man, s access to fossil energies made him forget this method and consequently the consumption of fuel and energy greatly increased.This research attempts to study climatic conditions of Arak and offers some methods for designing buildings which are compatible with the city climate. The application of these methods would help saving more energy. In order to determine the climate of this city, the information and statistics of Arak Synoptic System within a forty-year statistical period is used. It includes: temperature, rainfall, wind, and relative humidity.Then the climatic comfort and architecture will be studied in harmony with climate and regarding effective temperature indexes: Olgyay, Givoni, Mahony, and Evans. Finally the climatic condition of each month of the year and the quality of man’s comfort are studied in regards to these indexes and the necessary effective methods are presented.In this research Arak weather is seen to have climatic features of Iran Central Plateau. In winter the weather is cold and in summer it is warm and dry. In January, February, March, November and December the weather is really cold and too low for comfort. It necessitates the use of thermal mechanical systems. April, May, and October are comfortable conditions. In June, July, August and September the weather is too warm and too hot for comfort. Thus the use of air conditioners is unavoidable. In other words, thermal systems are used %40 of the year, air-conditioners are used %35 of the year and just %25 of the year is suitable for man’s comfort. Therefore the buildings should be built according to warm, dry summer and cold winter. And in order to increase comfort coefficient more green belt should be built in the buildings space and passages.

Development of city habitant, population, and population movement to big cities have caused a lot of differences in the method of Iran cities system. Such that the centralizing of population and activity especially in the largest cities of developing countries, has caused to attract a most section of developing potentials in these cities. In this current research, the study has discussed the city hierarchy and the cities with more than hundred thousand people during the years of 1355-1385 by using of ordering model of Zipf size, ordering model of averaged size, Lorenz diagram, logarithmic distribution and Entropy coefficient.According to the research subject and the definition of city hierarchy based on population element, the research model is ''quantity – analyzing''. The results show that during the research periods, the spatial distribution of city ants inhibit was not equitable and it does not guide to equitable situation and also the population habitant is not distributed equitable in city focuses and places and the  centralizing approach in Tehran, the capital city, it has caused to guide the city net to critical situations. Therefore the Unequitability in national space necessitate to research and to study in city hierarchy system.Finally, some suitable approaches to make the city net more suitable and equitable have been presented.