ANDISHE-E-NOVIN-E-DINI
Year:2011 | Volume:7 | Issue:24|Papers Count:10

In this paper, the views of two prominent Muslim theologians under the verses of imamate have been comparatively studied. Tooi has presented his most important views in Tajreed al-Aqaaed. Qooshji, an Ash`arite in the ninth of hejrah, has also presented his view in his commentary on the mentioned book. In this way, the text and the commentary has been proved to be a scalefor perceiving conflicting poins of the two theologian sects. In the paper, the verses: guardianship (Maeda/55), imamate (Baqara/124), those of authority.(Nisa/59) and being with those of truth (Tawba/119) have studied and Qooshji`s objections have been replied.

Imamate has been known as a fundamental teaching in shiism. There have been presented various reasonings on behalf of the docrine in the history of Shiism. In the paper, thereasonings of Baghdadian school, established by the most famous theologians and jurisprudents sheikh Mofeed, seyyed Mortaza and SheikhTusi, have been studied. In this way, the Shiite conception of Imamate has been clarified, the agreement of the Baghdadian conceptions has been explained and the reasonings have been evaluated.

When studying holy Quran, there eccurs the question in the mind: can one argue for multimeaning attitude with regard to Quranic words and verses as is considered with regard to human speech? There can be found numerous points of view among commentators in the field. Of which, however, four have been regarded as the most notable. In the paper, incorrect views have been argued against and the multimeang state of Arabic words and sentences has been accepted.

The paper has intended to reply the question: do Sadra and Leibniz view man to be of a natural perception of God? Why and how? Two meanings of the natural knowledge of God, therefore, has been referred to. One is the self-evident knowledge presented in the proposition: God does exist and the other, a natural awareness of God as the Origin of creation. The philosophers, both, have emphasized human natural perception of God. Yet, Leibniz believes in human soul as a higher monad with a natural concept of God, Sadra, on the other hand, argues for nonconceptual knowledge of God. Again, both the philosophers have made a distinction between simple and compound perception, have proved human natural knowledge to God and known it to be potential.

Muslim philosophers and theologians, regarding the demands of the day, have presented different proofs for the existence of God. Among the proofs, one can refer to the proofs of seddiqeen, those of truth, and necessary Being. Human being has been made distinct by reason and nature among creatures. One aspect of human nature consists in his seeking for absolute perfection. It is the fact upon which some scholars have sought to prove the existence of God. In the paper, some efforts have been made to present a logical structure for this reason.

The principle of natural selection was presented by the famous English naturalist and biologist, Charles Darwin, in ninth century. The principle, being as a foundation for biological evolution, has been regarded by many theologians to be in disagreement with the world of creation to be of purpose and, therefore, with belief in God. Yet the paper has shown that such a disagreement lies more in incorrect comments of the Darwinian principle than in the principle itself.

The paper can be regarded as a review to Clifford Geertz approach to religion and culture. How religious rites and ceremonies as well as certain models can leave their static and lifeless state and, like a certain text, change into a dynamic and retestable subject for researchers? Geertz seeks to show the way ang give an answer to the question. He uses the framework of those socialists like Weber and Durkheim in comparative sociology. Geertz accepts an interpretative approach when studying epistemology, religion, culture of different tribes. In the paper his approach has been analytically reconsidered.

Molla Sadra and Aquinas, respectively a Christian and a Muslim philosopher, have sought to prove the unity of God. In this paper, it has been shown that though thomistic system of thought emphasizes the unity of God, the problem of Trinity, as some relations in Divine essence, can be known as an obstacle in the way. Yet, Sadra has paid full and exact attention to the unity of God and has established different proofs in the field. Both the philosophers know it possible to prove Divine unity with the proofs of His existence and simplicity. As is understood, Sadra, being far from pure obedience, has stood in a higher position.