POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE
Year:2018 | Volume:13 | Issue:2 (26) |Papers Count:7

The extent and severity of the destruction and financial damages are the effects of the ethical and unethical approaches of intellectuals and the warriors. The theory of war ethics intends to define the nature of forces’ behavior with the un/aggressor. With the start of ISIS war in Iraq, Ayatollah Sistani issued a statement addressed to the Iraqi Mujahedeen forces to explain the ethics of Jihad in Islam. This article using qualitative content analysis methods aims to to reply to the main question: “what is Ayatollah Sistani’s approach to war ethics?”According to former studies, “preventive ethics” have the power to analyze the theory of war ethics in Ayatollah Sistani’s perspective. The ethics that are based on the Koranic verses and Sonat, respect people’s life and property, and try to align them with the human values and moralities. Based upon these ethics, Mojahedins can benefit from Gods’ blessings to the extent that war ethics are respected.

Tolerance has been investigated by various aspects. The subject of this paper is political tolerance, which can be considered as one of the important duties of governments and politicians to achieve national unity and the growth and advancement of different thoughts in society. To accurately understand the concept of tolerance, it is necessary to specify its various dimensions so that the audience can find a profound understanding of this key concept. In this article, from the perspective of Ayatollah Mahdavi Kani, the definition and analysis of political tolerance has been addressed. The reason why Ayatollah Mahdavi Kani is selected for this subject is his scientific and political position and his orbit based on his theory that canbe a model for today's society.Using the method of analysis of the main texts on the issue of political tolerance, researchers have achieved eight main questions about tolerance, and then inference and presentation of Ayatullah Mahdavi's view on these eight axes using their content analysis method. The axis is: What does tolerance mean? What are the basics of tolerance? , Who is tolerant of whom is worthy?, Tolerance to whom is it necessary? What tolerance is required? What is the purpose of tolerance? And finally, where is tolerance and what indicators are understood? The results of the research show that: he defined tolerance as tolerance, patience and enjoyment and charity. Political power, social solidarity and compliance with the Provincial considered the basis of tolerance. Tolerance was the duty of the rulers of the Islamic community, and considered friends and opponents and even enemies as three groups that they should be treated with tolerance towards them. They did not accept tolerance without framework and they considered the goal of tolerance as creating unity in Islamic society. For tolerance, there were boundaries, for example, the system of oppression of the kingdom, the counter-revolutionaries of the outskirts, harming national interests, insulting the sanctity, carrying out vices in the public domain, etc., were not tolerated. There are also indicators of tolerance such as respect for minorities, dialogue with opponents and human behavior with enemies in their political arena

Freedom is an abstract concept that is more understandable with its constraints. Freedom within the fabric of the Socratic philosophy was just a virtue. In the Christian era, at first, it had a theosophical meaning and then in context of Scholastic era changed, as servant of God. Then in the modern age, it reduced as security and possessive individualism. Analyzing freedom as a discourse, this article shows why and how each concept of freedom has its proper context in history and political philosophy; ancient and modern. Therefore, the unity and uncontested attitude is essentially unconscious and non-historical. By a comparative and analytical method, this article pursues freedom as a discourse through its observation in ancient and modern in western political philosophy, and consequently shows that why and how freedom  is a discourse  and originally has its own philosophical and historical context; specifically fabricated for its proper society, and is not necessarily comparable in the general form. Freedom as Discourse In Western Tradition.

The policy of dividing land in the Islamic Republic of Iran immediately became the agenda of sovereign institutions, right away after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. The necessity of making fundamental changes in the state of land, and land use in the country, the focus of the revolutionary slogans on social justice, and the demands of villagers to change land management were among the factors that led to this issue being addressed. This process, which began in 1979 and has continued with ups and downs, has had implications for the social space of the villages and the country.To this end, this research intends to gather information and data through a deep interviewing method. In this method, plus referring to the elites who worked in the 7-person delegation of land in the early days of the revolution, or somehow contributed to the establishment and approval of land laws in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the results were compiled by dividing the social consequences lands were dealt with. In the next step, the AHP (Hierarchy Analysis) technique has been used more than other methods in management science. In this regard, by elaborating a new questionnaire, the elites have been referred to this section to prioritize the social consequences of land division in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Image making in international relations that is also called under various titles such as credit, reputation and international prestige arises, is so important because the picture of reality is generally seen more important than the reality itself. In particular, most evaluations and judgments of the public or international actors (such as organizations and multinational corporations) are taken from image making and even most of the existing mechanisms in the international arena are also based on the image makings.Regarding the relations between Iran and the USA, in general, this question may arise whether it is possible to categorize the threatening acts of the USA against Iran? So this article is intended by using the descriptive analytical method and with approaches based on constructivism and the social side nature of international relations to clarify the concept of threat and its relation to topics such as Securitization and the threat of Normative space of international actors. And investigating the actions and reactions of the USA, this article aims to pose new conceptualizations of different layers of the threatened

Deconstruction is a strategy for demonstrating the contribution of philosophy to achieving the meaning of democracy in the postmodern world. It seeks to establish philosophical principles consistent with the principle of tolerating others and democracy in the post-democracy world. Meanwhile, Derrida's ideas in the field of socio-political democracy, such as future democracy and its oncoming challenges, are also rooted in his philosophy. Hence, democracy and deconstruction are the two sides of a coin, and one cannot be understood without the other. This connection is unbreakable and necessary and pivotal to Derrida's thinking about philosophy and politics. The breakthrough has come to suggest new horizons with the critique of modern systems including Western democracies that marginalized forces on the frontiers of democracy can actively participate in determining their own destinies. Contrary to positive methods, the underlying breach does not have a relative relation with the ultimate clarity of the Western society, and it is considered to be the fruits of the linear maturity of history. On the contrary, with the critique of metaphysical systems, it is a strategic breakthrough, so that the inertia of the universe becomes the instrument of successive negotiation. As far as the subject of this article is concerned, it attempts to define the Western metaphysical breakdown, then it shows how Derrida has benefited from this strategy in order to open up the political blockade of Western democratization with ongoing openings. The study of the link between deconstructive philosophy and democracy and how they interact with each other will be the cornerstone of this article.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization as an example of the new regionalism in Asia, in April 1996 to join Russia, China, Central Asian states (except Turkmenistan) and observer status of Iran, India, Mongolia and Pakistan was formed. It seems that the primary purposes of the organization were resolving border disputes and strengthening mutual trust and good neighborly relations between members of the belt, which gradually led to the gradual development of the organization and its attention to issues of economic and business. This paper describes important aspects of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and seeks to answer the question of what Iran can benefit from full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and in this way, what opportunities and challenges to be confronted? This paper assumes Iran's permanent membership in an organization as subjected to a positive stance of Russia and China as the driving engine of the organization's members, and regards it in line with the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the policy to gain the opportunity, security, economic, commercial, cultural, and also enhancing the bargaining power of the West. These are among the main reasons for the Iran’s interest in full membership of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.