Iranian Journal of Watershed Management Science and Engineering
Year:2017 | Volume:11 | Issue:36 |Papers Count:7

Identifying sub-watersheds with high potential of degradation requires a prioritization because of prevailing natural conditions, economic and social as well as technical and financial constraints in a Watershed. Prioritization watersheds based on morphological and physiographical state Lead to conservation practices and watershed management in the critical basins. He present research attempted to study various morphological and physiographical characteristics by using of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) through Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) techniques to Identify sensitive and critical sub-watersheds situated in Maraveh Tappeh watershed, Golestan province. 10 morphological parameters were used for prioritization of sub-watersheds. Based on FAHP approach, sub-watersheds were evaluated as vulnerability assessment zones and alienated into five prioritization levels: very less, less, medium, high and very high classes. The results of Evaluation, illustrated that 93% of sub-watersheds (25-watersheds) were in the medium to very high susceptible zones, Which shows that conservation and management measures in order to stability is essential in these areas. Results showes that the morphological Characteristics plays an important role in behavior recognizing of topographical and hydrological sub-watersheds. Hence, FAHP technique is a Practical and convenient approach to illustrating the problem (data deficient areas) in order to make better decisions using a rule-based system to identify areas with high degradation.

In the last few years trend identification is an important issue in hydrological time series analysis. It is also a difficult task due to the variety of models and the impact of climate change on river flow regime. In this study, the trend of annual and seasonal rainfall and river flow was studied in four stations, Nodehkhormaloo, Ramian, ghazaghly and Gholitapeh in the Gorganroud basin of Golestan province. According to available information trend was investigated at different time scales in these stations. In this study Statistical test MK, MK-PW, TFPW, MK-VC, MK-BB, SEAS and HERISH was used to assess the trend of seasonal and annual rainfall and river flow. The results showed that in half of stations discharge has a significant trend and in other stations some tests identified significant trend for discharge. In 75% of stations the rainfall trend was not significant and in 25% of the stations significant trends was revealed. In all stations ascending trend of rainfall and descendingtrend of discharge was identified. To further study relationship between climate and hydrological parameters, rainfall and river flow in Nodehkhandooz station was studied using MASH approach in different months. The results indicate that in some month’ s significant decreasing trend of river flow and significant increasing trend of rainfall was identified. With respect to these results, it can conclude that human activities such as changes in land use and land cover caused decreasing trend in discharge.

Prediction of behavioral changes in water resources systems under applying different scenarios and policies can help to optimum operation of these resources. In order to integrated operation of Choghakhor dam reservoir for meeting the downstream demands a system dynamic model was designed and implemented in VENSIM software. Also the amount of the runoff input to the reservoir and the evaporation from the reservoir surface was predicted based on the ARIMA model for the next five years. After defining these parameters and their interactions in the model, it was calibrated. Then different scenarios, including changes in the calculation method for environmental demand, increasing irrigation efficiency and changes in the irrigated agricultural area, was implimented. The results of running the model for next five years showed that the Choghakhor Dam reservoir can supply the water demands for 1600 Ha of farmlands in the most optimal condition. In this case, the agricultural and environmental supply were obtained about 83 and 95 percent, respectively. In addition, by changing of the irrigation system from surface irrigation to pressurized system and increasing irrigation efficiency by 30% the cultivated area, can be developed up to 1690 hectares.

Groundwater has beenraised asone of themajorsources ofwater supplyfor drinking andagriculture, especially inarid andsemi-arid. Simulation ofgroundwatersystembecause of the complexityof these systemsis a difficult task. Inthispaper, usingdataArdabilplainwater levelin the period(1972-2011), theevaluationand selection ofappropriate inputsfor processinggammatestperformanceandefficiency ofthe least squaressupport vector machines andBayesian networkmodelswere discussed. Monthlywater levelas inputparameterswithdifferentdelaysGammatestwas considered. Gamma test results showed that the water level by 6 latency, offers better results to predict. Water level simulation using least squares support vector machines and Bayesian network models also showed that the input structure to predict the water level the next month will be delayed until six. The two models with the same input structure, least squares support vector machine model, better performance, according to the coefficient of determination 0. 977, mean absolute error0. 204 and root mean square error 0. 307, compared to Bayesian networks have. The results showed that gamma test compound in the appropriate input soft computing can have a better performance.

In watersheds, soil and water resources management and increase stockholders income is the main aims of watershed management. Provide the appropriate pattern of land use is one of the most important measures in watershed management to optimize land use. In this study, using Linear Programming Model, Simplex and GIS, optimization of land use in the current situation scenario, management scenario and Standard scenario in the Chehel-Gazi watershed, Kurdistan province, Iran, were investigated. The results showed that compared to the current situation, annual net income increases 22. 50 percent under land use management scenario and 143. 65 percent increase in Standard condition scenario. The results of the scenarios sensitivity analysis showed that in the current situation scenario and management scenario, changes in the area of orchards and then pasture have the greatest impact on stockholders’ incomes. However, under the optimal management scenario of land, changes in rangeland and gardens area have more impact on revenue. According to the results, 91. 22 percent of annual net income in the current situation, the status of land management 42. 41 percent and 47. 142 percent increase in the standard setting. Also, the income per hectare in mixed-used pasture-almond, compared to other Land use, about three fold will be increased.

Due to the importance of precipitation data in different fields and lack of widespread and proper rain gauge networks, the precipitation data should be somehow estimated. Using satellite data is one of the best methods to estimate precipitation. However, it is necessary to evaluate the accuracy of such data before utilizing them. This study is an attempt to evaluate the accuracy of CMORPH and TRMM 3B42RT V7 precipitation data in Gorganrood Basin. For this purpose, the data of both satellites were compared with observation data from six stations (“ Tamer” , “ Ramian” , “ Bahalkeh-ye Dashli” , “ Gorgan Dam” , “ Fazel Abad” , “ Ghaffar Haji” ) within periods of 2003-2004 and 2006-2007. Correlation Coefficient, Mean Bias Error, Root Mean Square Error, CV (Coefficient of Variation) of Root Mean Square Error, Relation Bias criteria, Probability of Detection, False Alarm Ratio and Critical Success Index were calculated for both satellites. Results demonstrated that the satellite data in monthly and seasonal scale were more accurate than daily scale. The highest correlation between TRMM 3B42RT V7 and CMORPH data comparing to the observation data was related to the august precipitation in “ Ghaffar Haji” station which was 0. 93 and 0. 85, respectively. The results showed that both TRMM 3B42RT V7 and CMORPH satellites estimate precipitation lower than observational data. Also, Probability of Detection and Critical Success of CMORPH satellite were better than TRMM 3B42RT V7. However, False Alarm of TRMM 3B42RT V7 satellite was better.

During the last years land and water resources in Iran have suffered severe degradation. In this regard government of Iran has established several policies to Sustainable Management of Land and Water Resources during the last years. Most of these efforts have taken top down strategy. Watershed management program (WMP) is one of the current approaches to sustainable management of land and water resources in Iran. It was started at the time of third Iranian 5th socio economic and cultural development plan; as a strategy to land and water resources development. In recent year’ s government has developed participatory approach in watershed management in several areas. Hable-Rud program is one of these programs to sustainable management of land and water resources in Iran which is initiated as a joint program of UNDP and Islamic Republic of Iran in 1997. The data for this study were gathered from 200 respondents through personal interview. Descriptive analysis and factor analysis was used to analyze the data. The findings of study showed that level of participation in program was moderate. Results of study also showed that dimensions of people participation in watershed management programs were in three factors namely; social, economical and environmental; however people preferred more involvement in social rather than economical and environmental activities. Data analysis discovered that these factors explained 60% of the variation of participation.