Crop Production
Year:2013 | Volume:6 | Issue:3|Papers Count:10

In order to evaluate the effect of sulphur fertilizer and split nitrogen application on seed yield and its components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), an experiment was carried out as factorial in complete randomized block design with three replicates at the research field of Birjand faculty of agriculture in 2008. The treatments were sulphur fertilizer in four levels (0, 200, 400 and 800 kg/ha granular organic sulphur) and split nitrogen application in three levels (T1:40 % at planting, 60 % at 6-8 leaves stage, T2: 40% at planting, 30% at 6-8 leaves stage, 30% at budding stage, T3: 30 % at planting, 30% 6-8 leaves stage, 20% at budding stage, 20% at flowering). Results of analysis variance showed that sulphur had significant effect on all traits except harvest index. Increasing levels of granular organic sulphur up to 400 kg/ha caused an increase in head diamater, biological yield, seed yield and seed thousand weight. Hollowness percent declined with 400 kg/ha sulphur treatment. Split application of nitrogen had significant effect on all traits except oil percent. The highest head diamater, seed number per head, seed thousand weight, harvest index and seed yield was obtained with the third treatment and the highest biological yield was obtained with the second treatment of split nitrogen application but there were no significant difference between these two treatments.

Increasing nitrogen application and plant density simultaneously causes increasing vegetative growth and reducing harvest index. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cycocel at high nitrogen and plant density on safflower seed yield and yield components. For this purpose a field experiment was carried out as a factorial-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications with Isfahan 14 cultivar of Safflower in Yasouj, in 2010. Main plots were three nitrogen levels (50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1) and two cycocel levels (0 and 10-6 M) as factorial arrangement and subplots were three plant densities (20, 25 and 33.3 plant m-2). Results showed that the interaction effect of cycocel, nitrogen and plant density had statistically significant effect seed yield and yield components. The highest seed yield (3146.4 kg ha-1) was obtained from 10-6 M cycocel, the lowest nitrogen level and 25 plant m-2. The interaction of nitrogen and plant density and the interaction of cycocel and nitrogen were statistically significant for seed oil percent. The most seed oil percent (27.75%) was obtained from the lowest nitrogen and 25 plant m-2 treatment. The greatest seed yield and quality was obtained from high plant density and cycocel, but the effect of nitrogen application was low because of the excessive soil fertility.

In order to study the effect of vermicompost containing copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles on wax beans, an experiment with factorial arrangement were conducted based on a randomized complete block design in three replications. The treatments were as follows: nanoparticles in 4 levels (0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg weight of substrate), vermicompost in 3 levels (2.5, 5 and 7.5 g/kg-1 weight of substrate) and kind of nanoparticles in 2 levels (copper oxide and zinc oxide). After preparation of substrates, adult worm of Eisenia fetida species was added and after a week nanoparticles solution were added to substrate. After three months, vermicompost prepared according to the weight of cultivation substrate and was mixed with soil; then, wax bean seeds were sowed as a wet planting. Results showed, with increasing copper oxide and zinc oxide nano particles; pod length, number of pod in bush, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index and grain protein decreased and copper and zinc concentration in grain increased. In similar level nanoparticles (except first level), pod length, number of pod in bush, grain yield, weight of hundred grains, stem length and harvest index in zinc oxide nanoparticles were more than copper oxide nanoparticles. The least pod length, number of pod in plant, weight of pod, grain yield and harvest index obtained from the forth level of copper oxide nanoparticle. Also absorption and accumulation of zinc oxide nanoparticles in grain was more than copper oxide nanoparticles.

Heterotrophic seedling growth has described as the product of the following dynamic and seed reserves transmition and the conversion efficiency of mobilized seed reserves to seedling tissue. This research was carried out to evaluate germination and seedling growth of wheat seed (N-80-19) in the form of combined analysis design with based on completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of 4 levels of waterlogging period (0, 24, 48 and 96 hour) and in 3 levels of tempreture (5, 10 and 20o C) in four replications. Results indicated that percentage and rate of seed germination decreased with increasing waterlogging period under all tested tempretures; however, seedling growth rate decreased significantly only with increasing waterlogging period. Study of two components related to the heterotrophic growth of wheat seedling revealed that seed reserves utilization decreased significantly, while conversion efficiency of mobilized seed reserves did not affect significantly.

The study was designed to evaluate the impact of rhizobium bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi and iron sulfate on chickpea plants (Hashem cultivar). Treatments contain rhizobium bacteria (Inoculated and non-inoculated), mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and non-inoculated) and various amounts of iron sulfate fertilizer (0, 40 and 80 kg per hectare) were evaluated in a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Sabzevar. The effects of three main factors and their interactions on yield, seed protein concentration in iron, zinc, phosphorus and sulfur in pea plants were evaluated. Biofertilizer application increased seed yield, zinc and phosphorus concentration. Application of iron sulfate increased seed yield, zinc and sulfate concentration. Combined incubation of mycorrhizal and rhizobium, mycorrhiza and iron sulfate increased concentrations of all elements and performance more than individual inoculation treatments and the species Glomus Mosse was more successful than Glomus intraradices. The interaction effect of treatments on all traits was significant at 5 and 1% probability level; except for the sulfur concentration.

The aim of this study was investigation of the energy flow and global warming potential (GWP) of corn farm in Gorgan city. For this purpose, data were collected from three conventional planting methods (spring planting, summer planting in wheat residue and summer planting without wheat residue) by using a face-to-face questionnaire performed with farmers. After that the required data of three parts; fuel consumption, energy consumption and global warming potential were calculated based on CO2 balance. The results revealed that total energy consumption in spring planting, summer planting in wheat residue and summer planting without wheat residue was 26355.7, 28395.4 and 27783.2 MJha-1, respectively. Among three methods of planting the highest amount of total energy input was recorded for nitrogen fertilizer and diesel fuel. The least GWP was obtained from spring planting with 2349 kg equivalent to CO2. So spring planting had less environmental effects. According to the results, using of high-yield hybrids, residue management and nitrogen fertilizer is essential for increasing energy efficiency and reducing environmental effects.

For finding out the effect of nitrogen and calcium carbonate fertilizers on nitrate and nitrogen accumulation in aboveground biomass, calcium concentration and dry weight of leaves of satureja hortensis L., a factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj in 2008. The nitrogen fertilizer was in four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 Kg. ha-1) and calcium carbonate (lime) fertilizer in three levels (0, 5 and 10 t. ha-1). Total nitrogen and leaves nitrate, calcium concentration and leaves and shoot dry weight were measured. The results showed that calcium carbonate had significant effects on nitrogen (p<0.01) and nitrate accumulation (p<0.05) and calcium concentration (p<0.01) but it had not significant effect on dry weight of leaves. Also the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate and nitrogen accumulation and dry weight of leaves was significant (p<0.01). Results of mean comparison of traits showed that by increasing of nitrogen fertilizer and calcium carbonate application, nitrate and nitrogen accumulation in leaves increased and decreased, respectively. In addition, by increasing of nitrogen fertilizer levels, dry weight of Savory leaves increased. In this study, for reduction of nitrate accumulation, increasing savory yield and economical advantage, 5 t. ha-1 calcium carbonate (lime) with 100 kg. ha-1 ammonium nitrate is recommended.

In order to evaluate the effect of different sources and rates of nitrogen on growth and biomass production of purslane, a randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications at the agricultural research farm of Shahrekord University in 2012. Fertilization treatments were consisted of control (no N amendment), 30 and 90 kg N ha-1 in the form of urea fertilizer, 30 and 90 kg N ha-1 in the form of cow manure, 60 kg N ha-1 as urea fertilizer+cow manure in 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 ratios. The results showed that the greatest leaf area index was observed from the second cutting with integrated treatments and 90 kg N ha-1 as cow manure. In the first cutting, the greatest aboveground fresh weight (76.04 Mg ha-1) was obtained from 90 kg N ha-1 as cow manure but there was not a significant difference with the integrated treatment (1:1). In second cutting, aboveground fresh weight in integrated treatment (1:1) had a significant decline compared to that of the 90 kg N ha-1 as urea and/or cow manure. The leaf fresh weight from the first cutting was significantly higher than the second cutting. In general, the application of combined organic and chemical fertilizer (1:1) is effective in reducing nitrogen of single cutting of purslane production, and future research should focus on top dressing of nitrogen application for increasing production of the second cutting of purslane.

In order to study chamomile tolerance to salinity and find a way to increase its tolerance a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Seeds primed with salicylic acid and gibberellic acid (GA) at 250 ppm by a combination of the treatments at 12 and or 24 hours, 12 hours with salicylic acid after 12 hours in GA, and 12 hours with GA after 12 hours in salicylic acid and the second factor included salinity levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 Mm NaCl). Results showed that salinity reduced germination percentage (92%), increased mean daily germination time (29.5%), decreased germination rate coefficient (27.7%), and root (64%) and hypocotyls (63%) length; whereas, antioxidant enzyme activities were increased. Seed priming did not have remarkable effect on traits and among treatments combination of salicylic acid-GA had impressive impact on germination percent. The maximum activity of peroxidase belonged to salicylic acid-GA and catalase activity by priming with salicylic acid at 24 hours.

In this study, the effect of irrigation regimes and plant nutrition were evaluated as split plot arrangment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2010. Treatments consisted of irrigation regimes at three levels: well-irrigation, irrigation disruption at vegetative growth stage, and irrigation disruption at reproductive growth stage as main plots and combination of different levels of plant nutrition in seven levels included of Control, Urea, Humix as organic fertilizer, biofertilizes (Nitroxin (N), Biosoulphoure (B), integrated fertilizer treatments (Urea+Humix+Nitroxin), and (Urea+Humix+Biosoulphoure) as sub plot. Results showed that the the highest plants height (69.96 cm) observed in the integrated fertilizer treatment (Urea+Humix+Biosoulphone) and (Irrigation disruption at vegetative growth stage) condition and the lowest plants height (61.46 cm) observed in (Irrigation disruption at vegetative growth stage) condition and Nitroxin fertilizer treatment. The highest of seed protein was obtained from the Irrigation disruption at reprductive growth stage with Biosoulphoure fertilizer (28.91%) and the Lowest it in Well-irrigation with organic fertilizer (21.01%) and treatments, respectively. The number of branches per plant, biomass yield and seed yield were affected by plant nutrition treatment. The highest and lowest seed yield was obtained from (Urea+Humix+Biosoulphone) and lowest of it in control fertilization treatments. Irrigation regimes had significant affects on biomass and seed yield, so that the highest and lowest of these traits were obtained in well-irrigation and Irrigation disruption at vegetative growth stage. Regimes, respectively. Generally, integrated fertilizer treatment (Urea+Humix+Biosoulphoure) under well-irrigation had the beneficial effect on safflower.