HORIZONS OF SECURITY
Year:2012 | Volume:5 | Issue:16|Papers Count:9

In issue of resistance economy, there are various and different interpretations in the economic literature. Interpretation that is close to the supreme leader’s perception is “economic flexibility”. In this paper, its literature and theoretical model have been discussed. Then, the risk of context of the national economy and behavior scenarios in the countries as well as quadruplet pillars of economic flexibility will be examined. In next section, concept of resistance economy in Islamic Republic of Iran in light of the viewpoint of the Supreme Leader and a model on resistance economy in Islamic Republic of Iran, which are based on economic growth, economic justice, economic stability and economic flexibility, will be explained. Finally, indices and indicators of quadruplet strategies i.e., confrontation, neutralization, absorption and restoration, distribution and debilitation in light of problem of the West's economic sanctions are introduced.

Predicting on software conflict is difficult due to complexity and variety of scene and many variables involved. It cannot be ignored because of strategic value of this type of battle and conflict. Therefore, the important issue is to achieve a correct understanding on the future war. This requires an appropriate analytical framework for identifying its key driving forces and state of its regulation and arrangement. Hence, the key question is that how we can predict emergence of software conflict. The research method used in this study is a combination of library research, scenario-planning and hierarchical analysis.

One of the most themes of political Islam is influence on the political culture, political structure and international politics. This suggests that a new form of social norms has emerged and affected topics including international politics. Until 1970s evidence was not observable.Islamic Revolution in Iran is a starting point in the development of political Islam in order to influence the processes of international relations. Although political Islam has had cultural, normative and perspective indications in the 1970s, but it has had their impact on the process of the interaction among states and other actors in international politics.Iraqi war against Iran can be known as the starting point for the effectiveness of other Islamic norms in international relations. If war and peace is the most issues in international relations, Shiite political norms have influenced its impacts on the quality of actors’ interaction in such processes in the period of Holly Defense.Shiite political and normative signs have had extensive normative and political consequences in realms of international relations and regional environment of Middle East after the Islamic revolution.What was mentioned as Shiite Crescent in 2006 is extensive reflection of the Shiite political norms including resistance in international relations. Such process and signs also can be considered in the Middle East’s Islamic awakening in 2012.

Historically, there is concept of terrorism in various communities and is a used appropriate to different situation. Definition of terrorism strongly depends on interests of powerful states and their approach towards it. In fact, terrorism is the title attributed to weaker individuals, groups and governments. Terrorist organizations concentrates on five goals:” regime change, region and land change, political change, social control and status quo” in accordance with their wishes. Also, several different strategies of terrorist organizations consist of erosion (Battle of requests), intimidation (terror rule), irritation (Fuse spur), oppressor (sabotage peace) and the highest suggestion (prejudiced against traitor) with regard to specific situation and position.

Observations show that many people involved in what is called as “terrorism”, are not among the poorest people. High-income rather than low-income countries experience terrorism, and sometimes non-economic factors provoke terrorists. In assessing the consequences of terrorism, empirical studies use different methodologies and data for identifying definition, and they achieve the different results because of the differences in levels of analysis (micro or macro), the geographic concentrations, theoretical perspectives and variables.Indeed, it is probably easiest to measure the direct costs of terrorism is the.In other word, an alternative solution for measuring costs emerged from terrorism is to examine all countries’ economic performance compared to the countries with low-level terrorism. Furthermore, many studies have focused on measuring the impact of the terrorist attacks on the whole economy.Another way for assessing the impact of terrorism on Total production is to examine its impacts on the stocks of the various companies’ shares.Some scholars want to solve the aforementioned deficiencies through using temporary data and case studies about the impact of terrorism on economic growth. Aside from the overall costs of terrorism, terrorism gives effect to the economic different parts. This article pays attention to effects of terrorism on tourism, foreign direct investment, foreign trade, and financial markets. The main purpose is to introduce a doctrine for policy-making and counter-terrorist measures.

Historically, concept of security has been tangible and desirable knowledge of word and at the same time it has been an imaginary and ambiguous concept. This problem has changed because of complex developments especially in relation to time and place density in the era of revolution in information and communication technologies. Perhaps, “safe life” is the first and greatest human desire, because other requests can be fulfilled in light of its realization. Hence, “security community” is considered as a foundation for sustainable development and companion of power and national interests in viewpoint of modern strategists.The aim of article is scrutiny of the opportunities and challenges of sustainable security in Islamic Republic of Iran in term of soft-power approach.The research hypothesis is that increase in social capital results in an increase in soft power and, an increase in soft power result in sustainable security. Hence, social capital as “social glue” results from relationships between individuals and groups that without these relationships, it is impossible to obtain it. Social capital can strengthen cooperation and simultaneously broaden protective mutual relations (people-people and government - people). The research method is based on written documents, Internet resources and content analysis. Results of research emphasize a verse from the Koran:” prerequisite of victory in software conflict is the use of soft weapon on the soft battle field”.

After the events of September 11, 2001 and terrorist accusation towards bin Laden and the Taliban, the U.S. undertook the leadership of the fight against terrorism and called for a global alliance against it. Meanwhile, United States paid attention to Pakistan more than any another country.The U.S. requested Pakistan President General Pervez Musharraf to join the coalition. Musharraf accepted the U.S. request and arrived in US united front against al-Qaeda and the Taliban. During this battle, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan collapsed, but they continued their activities, so that the present tribal areas in Pakistan have become extremely insecure by Taliban groups.This paper replies to article’s main question: “why relations between the United States and Pakistan has resulted in escalation of insecurities inside Pakistan by Pakistani Taliban?” Through descriptive-analytical method and use of theory on military alliances and coalitions, the research findings indicate that Pakistani alliance with US along Strategy for Combating Terrorism resulted in changing former coalitions of Taliban with Pakistan and formation of coalition and unity among Pashtun radical groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In this regard, A group called “Pakistani Taliban” announced in Pakistan that now the Taliban various groups has became allied with them and they have concentrated their energy inside Pakistan’s borders, which has expanded and intensified internal insecurities in Pakistan.