Physical Geography Research
Year:2012 | Volume:- | Issue:78|Papers Count:11

River instability needs to be evaluated on spatial and temporal scales. It must be recognized that rivers differ among themselves, and through time, and one river can vary significantly in a downstream direction. Morphology and behavior of drainage network, to change from neotectonic is sensitive. Meanwhile meanders of delta levels are the most unstable areas of the rivers.Tectonic deformation causes change in channel slope, which in turn is responsible for variations in channel morphology, fluvial processes, and hydrological characteristics of a river system. River responses to active tectonics produce characteristic geomorphological features revealing surface deformation in any area. The study area is located in Hormozgan province and north coastal of Hormoz strait. Kol River with the formation of a relatively large delta, flows from north to south and arrive to the Strait of Hormoz. The purpose of this study is recognition evidence and evaluation of neotectonic in Kol river drainage network. In this paper rely on results based on field survey and index of geomorphic, morphology and riverbed changes, Kol River has been studied.

Iran is a dry land with very low precipitation. Annual rainfall is less than a third of the average rainfall worldwide. One of the ways of adjusting to drought in Iran, especially with agriculture is the optimal and sustainable use of water resources. Precipitation, surface water and ground water resources have to be used as efficiently as possible. This study would not be practical without first taking into consideration the exact requirements of water for agricultural fields in Iran. Knowledge on the evapotranspiration is very important in irrigation and drainage planning. Evapotranspiration is one of the key components of the hydrologic cycle and its calculation is important for a number of applications such as, the hydrologic balance of water, design and management of irrigation systems, simulation of the amount of products and design, and management of water resources.

Prediction of groundwater level is necessary for supply management and utilization of water. Groundwater Fluctuations is influenced by many variables. One of the most appropriate methods, the study of groundwater, is using computer models. Thus, understanding of ground water variation mechanism and its prediction is necessary for awareness of available groundwater.In this regard, artificial neural network models, due to lack of understanding of the physical nature of the problem in modeling nonlinear systems are capable. Studies in Iran show that, in spite of the importance of groundwater level prediction and intelligent neural network capabilities, few studies regarding water table simulations using artificial neural networks has been done so far.According to the necessities expressed purpose of this study is establish the relation between of groundwater level fluctuations associated with effective artificial neural network, in order to simulate and quantify associated water table fluctuations as an independent variable with various meteorological factors and hydro geology of Malayer plain.

In addition to provide oil and oil cake, implanting canola has an important effect on fixing foodstuffs and reducing soil erosion. This plant has a high compatibility with different climates and different soils and causes more in the next years of cropping. Sarpole Zahab area exceeds to 1300 km2 which 36/6% of that has the slope lower than 3o.The average of annual precipitation is 428 mm, the average of temperature is 20o cg and 20 days freezing weather in a year. The city has a suitable environmental and climate condition for implanting canola. But its implanting during the years was hopeless.

Geomorphological Landforms and processes are of the most significant parameters that affect the volume, distribution and quality of construction materials especially aggregates.Some geomorphological landforms like river beds, river terraces, alluvial fans and taluses have large amounts of weathered rocks and sediments that are appropriate for aggregate exploitation. Geomorphological processes like physical and chemical weathering also affect the quality of aggregates. Aggregates, a type of construction materials, are produced from sand and gravel and weathered bedrock that can be used for concrete, road pavement and other construction purposes. These materials have been weathered, detached from the parent rocks, transported and finally deposited in geomorphological landforms. Study area, Khoramabad catchment in north of town of Khoramabad with a drainage area of 442.19 km2, is part of Zagros Folded Belt. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of geomorphological processes and landforms in the formation, distribution and quality of aggregates.

Many researchers have worked on the issue of crisis management due to natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes (Lindell & Prater 2002; Ardekani 1992). Accordance with the views Chiu & Zheng (2007), making decisions regarding emergency evacuation due to unexpected events, should include the following aspects:Destinations, the victims should be moved there, which can be temporary accommodation in tents, medical services or secure areas, andConsuming time to get the destinations by the victims that should be the shortest.Temporary accommodation of earthquake victims includes the following steps: (Naghdi et al., 2006 ; Saadatseresht et al., 2007)Phase 1: Searching for some safe areas based on some constraints, such as a minimum risk, adequate capacity, proper distribution, access to adequate drinking water etc.Phase 2: Determining the optimal path between each building block, located in the disaster area, and the safe areas based on several factors.Phase 3: Selecting the optimum safe area for each building block in an optimization process based on two criteria: traffic capacity and the minimum cost (the shortest) to get the safe area.This paper presents a suitable algorithm for performing the 2nd phase of the process discussed above. This paper is developed a shortest path algorithm based on geographical information system (GIS) for quick discharge and transfer injury disaster victims to predetermined safe areas.

The rate of average precipitation specifically its regional average is one of the significant factors in the field of natural resources studies. There are different estimation methods to estimate the precipitation such as geostatistic technique. This method is important with concerning to correlation and data spatial structure. Spatial location of the samples can be analyzed with the purposed quantity together. In other word the relationship between different quantitative rates is required to the community, samples distance and their situation dime. This spatial relationship (distance and community) is possible to describe in mathematical method between the rates of quantities in sampled community. In this research Kriging and inverse distance methods with power of 1 to 3 used to investigate the annual precipitation rate in Qom province.

In some regions, particularly the Middle East, the dust storms occur with high frequency. Since the past decade, the occurrence of dust storms has increased in this region (Kutiel & Furman, 2003: 419).Several factors are involved in the creation of the dust storms, but the main factors are circulation of the atmosphere and earth surface. Synoptic studies have shown that low and high pressure (especially dynamic), and the vertical motion of air are the main causes of dust storms in the Middle East (Omidvar, 2006; Lashkari, et.al., 2008; Mehrshahi, 2009; Tavousi, 2010). Daily mean of dust storms in Iran, especially Khuzestan in the warm season is more than other seasons, and the highest frequency has been observed in the Zabol (Raeespour, 2010; Farajzadeh, 2011). The frequency of these storms will be increased after droughts, because the ground is dry and has less vegetation (Miri, et.al., 2009). To investigate the mechanism of dust storms in Middle East, dust storm occurrence in first days of July 2009, that is the biggest storms, has been elected, in this study interaction between atmospheric circulation and earth surface properties including soil moisture, land cover and soil type has been studied by a synoptic approach.