Human Geography Research
Year:2011 | Volume:43 | Issue:77|Papers Count:13

Introduction: Nowadays the subject of "Sustainable Urban Form" is considerable challenge for urban planners. In American countries, during last two decades, some novel approaches, namely "New Urbanism" and "Smart Growth", have been considered for making urban environments more sustainable. However, sustaining the urban environments in the smart growth theories and compact cities' frameworks confronts with some criticism. In urban planning, the fair distribution of land uses and the availability of local and regional services with the priority of side walk and compact form have been notified. The main pivotal consideration about this view is the fair distribution of land uses and "compact form" with the maintenance of environment which lead to limited use of vehicles for transportation...

Introduction Crime and the sense of insecurity in urban neighborhoods, particularly in large cities and metropolitan areas have been the main concern of both citizens and local authorities. Now-a-days the insufficiency of the social sanctions and penalties regarding to the prevention and remedial measures of deviant behaviors and crimes in human societies resulted in a very rapid increase in the incidence of all types of crimes almost every where, both in less and highly developed industrialized countries.The aim of this research is to study, the sources of crimes, types of crimes and the factors which bring about unsafe and insecure environment in urban communities. To find an appropriate strategy to face with such a social obstacle is another part of the aim of the research.

Introduction: Generally, the theories in explanation of studying phenomena consider on a specific identity dimension of phenomena (objective, subjective or objective-subjective) and appropriate to that select a specific method to get the understanding, or interpretation of explanatorily cognition of phenomenon. Theories discussed in political geography from this perspective are different. Classical theories in the field of political geography based on the objective nature of phenomena and using positivism method give an explanatorily cognition from the phenomena. Based on this, it was easier to understand them. But from late 1990 a new generation of theories called as postmodern political geography and critical geopolitics emerged in political geography, giving exciting and challenging attitudes from world and it's features, and technical terms used in them are often difficult and complex. So Richard Muir interpreted, understanding them in compared to classical theories requires understanding the intellectual–philosophical development in the late twentieth century...

Introduction: Nowadays consideration to security and ways of its increasing is a critical priority of urban planners. Although there is many theories about urban crimes, but the idea of effect of urban physical development on urban crimes is an important subject that new theories of urban planning considerate that. We can analyze urban crimes from different aspects. One of these aspects is reasons and factors cause a crime. Totally all of reasons and approaches can divided on 7 included: selective approaches, biological approaches, psychological approaches, social psychology approaches, sociological approaches, ecological and population approaches, and environmental design approach. The newest and recently theory among all of them is environmental theory or CPTED (crime prevent toward environmental design), that favors of this theory believed that urban design, building form and housing pattern types have a critical impacts on number and type of urban crimes. Hence, they are looking for ways to upgrade security using some changes in environmental design...

Introduction:Migration is one of important rural-urban interaction between rural and urban region. Approaches to the migration Studies consistently between Pessimistic and optimistic view, from the 1990 re-optimistic approach to migration is considered. Seasonal migration is types of rural urban migration that has been less studied. For the first time in the 1970 the studies of migration start. However, this type of migration in less studied in Iran. in rural areas if agriculture and animal husbandry activities not provides annual household needs and does not provide the permanent migration for rural labor to move the seasonal migration will occur. The migrant in unemployment season or even in season of Agriculture migrate to cities and after a few months activities in urban areas return again. This seasonal and rotational motion is repeated in any year. Mountainous area with above the level of poverty and the unsuitable natural environment that not able to supply the needs of rural households and rural region with marginalized position this type of migration will occur. There are many countries with seasonal labor migration around the world and Iran and have influence on the economy and livelihoods of rural households.

Introduction: "The sustainable development model is a challenge to the conventional form of development. Conventional approaches see development as simply modernization of the globe along Western lines. "Pressing constraints on development and entrenched negative trends were the result of modernization in the world. These include: economic disparity and poverty, the impact of diseases, over-consumption of resources in industrialized countries contributing to climate change, and environmental deterioration and pollution of many kinds: including the impacts of intensive farming, depletion of natural resources and loss of forests, other habitats and biodiversity. "The 1960s and the 1970s were marked by an intensification of concern about pollution and awareness that environmental problems arise within the context of a complex interrelationship between humankind, the global resource base and the social and physical environments. As a consequence, questions about the acceptability of conventional growth objectives, strategies and policies were brought to the forefront of public debate. "Sustainable development has been the central concept in the United Nations World Conservation Strategy and in the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, also known as the Brundtland Report. The Brundtland Report defines sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Urban development is especially important within the broader context of sustainability The reality of "accelerated urbanization growth in the south countries (like Iran) overrides its damaging influence in local and global scales," e.g. environmental, social, economical and political problems such as an increase in resource demands, waste production, air pollution, poverty, inequity, housing shortages, crimes, narcotic use… caused concerns about urban sustainable development. Tehran is one of 10 under developed metropolises among the 124 metropolises in the world, and as such is obliged to contend with a variety of problems, e.g. air, noise and water pollution, traffic jams, housing shortages, biodiversity reduction, vulnerability to probable earthquakes, lack of urban services, facilities, infrastructure, overcrowding, poverty and social vulgarities. This research takes the 17th municipal region, as a study area, for measuring the sustainability we collected data in the neighborhood scale...

Introduction: Migration is one of important rural-urban interaction between rural and urban region. Approaches to the migration Studies consistently between Pessimistic and optimistic view, from the 1990 re-optimistic approach to migration is considered. Seasonal migration is types of rural urban migration that has been less studied. For the first time in the 1970 the studies of migration start. However, this type of migration in less studied in Iran. in rural areas if agriculture and animal husbandry activities not provides annual household needs and does not provide the permanent migration for rural labor to move the seasonal migration will occur. The migrant in unemployment season or even in season of Agriculture migrate to cities and after a few months activities in urban areas return again. This seasonal and rotational motion is repeated in any year. Mountainous area with above the level of poverty and the unsuitable natural environment that not able to supply the needs of rural households and rural region with marginalized position this type of migration will occur. There are many countries with seasonal labor migration around the world and Iran and have influence on the economy and livelihoods of rural households.

Introduction: Assessing quality of environment in urban patterns is an important and necessary issue in identifying quality condition of environment in old patterns of cities and making efforts to improve it as well as offering appropriate models for environmental quality for new developments which are formed through recognition and application of pre-planned designs and programs. The new and old urban patterns of Shiraz considering its specific characteristics in terms of environmental quality face some problems like security, access, density and traffic, health, aesthetics, and cheerfulness.Examining and ranking the factors affecting the satisfaction of the citizens with quality of their environment has revealed that these factors in the two areas under study were to a large extent the same. It was also found out that the residents of the new urban patterns in comparison to those ones living in old urban patterns are more satisfied with quality of their environment. The research has also shown that in the three levels which were studied here (home, neighborhood and the city) both in the new and the old urban patterns the highest satisfaction rate was with the city scale and the least was with quality condition of environment in the scale of neighborhoods. It was also revealed that in the new urban pattern the socio–economic dimension and in the older one the perceived dimension were the most affecting factor in the satisfaction of the citizens with quality of their environment.

Introduction: Topic on people's participation in local affairs as a key factor in development studies is considered. The start of the official institutions Ideas participation in the executive their residence, be it back to the Constitutional Revolution and since that date the various institutions and different local nature have curetted to objective of people's participation in local affairs Transferring their local office is. Some of these local institutions, home equity during the Pahlavi regime and Councils during the conflict is the Islamic Republic with the aim of the judge role at the local level were created...

Introduction: The term social justice was raised by John Stewart since 19th century. According to him, social justice means that society should have the some behavior with all those who have the same capabilities. This phrase entered geographical literature since late 1960. And affected radical and liberal geography more than other schools such that David Harvey, one of the followers of radical school, in his book "social justice and city", considers the use of social justice as essential in geographical analyses. In the first section in Islamic Republic of Iran insight for 1400, developing an advanced urban society with social justice is emphasized. In order for all the city residents to have equal access to urban facilities and services, "social justice" in cities is discussed. Social justice in cities means continuity of the protection of different social groups rights based on the optimal distribution of urban sources, income and costs. Realizing social justice is one of the basic elements of urban studies and a city can be a city once social justice covers all its angles. The important issue in social justice is how to distribute services and facilities among urban areas. The consequences of lack of social justice can be suburban settlement, excessive accumulation in one area, land plays and many others. The point to mention in this regard is the function of cities in attracting people and a kind of social and economic classification. In the book "theory of city by Queen Lynch, providing space for essential functions appears in line with powerful values and providing justice and equality in line with ideal values which have been rarely achieved and are not followed seriously. One of the principles of urban planning is spatial justice which should be taken into account. On the other hand, land has always been a source of social problems. The extra value of land is one factor in social separation, change in urban space and dispersion of less profitable activities from the city center. Thus, distinct areas are formed inside the city. Studies indicate the existence of active, semi active and deprived areas.