Human Geography Research
Year:2012 | Volume:44 | Issue:80|Papers Count:16

After the collapse of socialist Soviet Union in 1990 decade, and their under dominance autonomous countries, Iran became neighbor on it north and northwest boundary means central Asia and the Caucasia. One of these countries is Azerbaijan republic that has significance relationships with Iran, high level of mutual cooperation is expected between two countries. In spite of being abundant opportunities and benefits to increase cooperation direction, we have faced with low level relationship and sometimes conflict although confused.

The word Geopolitical Rivalries is older than the words: geopolitics and geopolitical knowledge, and they date back to the period of ancient civilizations and the time of rivalries between powerful states. In modern times, based on colonial, ideological, economic and cultural characteristics, these rivalries can be divided to three periods: a period of 450-years (from late the15th century to 1945), a period of 45 years (from 1945 to 1990) and the period of recent 20 years (from 1990 to present). Words such as "Greater Iran" "Greater Khorasan", "Greater Sistan" and "Greater Baluchistan" will lead us to a historical period which includes the entire nineteenth century and a part of the twentieth century. The heritage of this period was territorial disintegration and delimitation of new boundaries in the eastern and south-east parts of Iran.

City looks to has different dimensions new life and perspective of human development. Nonetheless, emphasis on quantitative aspects of growth in many countries, especially in developing countries leads to the two cities is polarization.The most important consequence of the rapid growth of urbanization and physical development of cities in ten countries in recent disintegration of the urban system of distribution centers that is service the underlying social inequality of citizens and enjoyment of land uses in the urban fabric of city services.

The victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979 on the basis of the Shiite thought, culminated in the founding of the Islamic political system.This event must be considered as a turning point for politicizing of Shiite religion in the modern era.Political power of the Shiite leaders in Iran, and slogan for export of the revolution, culminated in the adopting of the position of anti-super powers during the cold-war period by the government of Iran, which is still continued toward United States of America so far. In contrast with, these states took their position against the state of Iran, and adopted some measures for its collapse or containment as well.

Territory is one of the essential pillars of political geography. Nevertheless, there are a lot of discussion about dissubjectivity and unimportance of territory at the age of globalization. The discourses about deterritorialization have attracted the academic and scientific groups so much that some believe that Globalization equals deterritorialization.This essay using a neo-realism approach has tried to analyze the process of Globalization having territorial vision. In other words, while it does not deny exterritorial and transnational processes but we put emphasis on reterritorialization of various phenomenon and processes at the age of globalization. the assumption is that territory and boundary cannot be obliterated but their function have changed.

Production cooperatives by reason of inefficiency of petty landowner for creation mobility on agriculture sector are suitable tools for agriculture situation amelioration and rural areas development. Also production cooperatives play important role at redistribution earned benefits from agriculture sector growth, dynamic employment formation .In this manner, one of the rural development obstacles are dispersion and Fragmentation of farm lands on Iran. It is obvious that dispersion and Fragmentation of farm lands promote production costs by reason of production way, nonentity usage of some of the inputs and machinery and etc. at the end aforementioned cases delay rural development. Also solving of this problem is subject to the formation of production cooperatives in the rural areas.

Developing countries as well as our country are grappling with problems of concern that, without exaggeration, economic problems, lack of income and unemployment are the most important of these cases. Of many people, the root of the ravages of the country returns to major failures in the villages and the lack of proper management of environmental and human resources.Entrepreneurship is regarded as a tool for planners to guide the societies towards development. There is a growing evidence to suggest that that there is a significant causal relationship between entrepreneurship, economic growth and poverty reduction As there is not available equal situation for the public to create entrepreneurship, the necessary conditions are vital to provide. The region of study is Zand and samen township in Malayer, Hamadan whose villagers are deprived from suitable occupation and income and don’t exploit the entrepreneurship in spite of graduated workforce and natural resources available.

Islamic world is a term applied to the countries in which the majority of populations are Muslims. At the present time, The Islamic world is combination of territories with variety of human and natural variations. Thanks to human and natural resources, strategic position, and common beliefs, the Islamic World is capable to play a role as regional power actor in world geopolitical order, but due to some factors and disagreements, such as religious and ethnic fragments, different political attitudes and political system, lack of independency, political and economic dependency to big state, territorial conflicts and etc, these potentials have unfortunately not been used appropriately so far. It should be mentioned that in spite of disintegrations caused by diversification among Islamic World, there is a context for Convergence and structural and functional incorporation, common interests and needs, common threats and so on which can lead to unity and combination in Islamic World. This article investigates and analyzes the most significant geopolitical challenges for Islamic world Convergence.

Rapid increase of the urban population hase caused problems, especially achieving sustainable development goals. Some of the problems are: lake of spatial balance, vulnerability in the price of land and housing, social polarization, environmental pollution, use of extra energy, unplanned development, increasing levels of spending for urban infrastructure, constructing com fertile agricultural land, and increasing the urban periphery space. With the increase of environmental problems in the cities, and created crisis, attempts have been made to define the urban growth and urban development patterns and its relation to sustainable urban form. The question about sustainable urban form has been raised, and many researchers have tried to answer this. Some of the urban planners have supported the dispersion of the urban population and some are against this idea, and believe in concentration of urban population. This later group believe that problems of cities com be solved through increasing the density of population in urban areas and close concentration of urban land uses.

Inequality in the distribution of services and facilities in different neighborhoods of a city follows the overall pattern of urban growth "compact city" and "large city", in a way that the sustainable urban form includes such urban developments that lead to the formation of justice community in the cities. The urban growth pattern consists of two Compact cities and Spared out that most cities have followed from one of these patterns, these two forms are claim in Sustainable forms of cites and these patterns have different influence on urban services and facilities are distributed. The purpose of this essay is to study the pattern of urban development on the way of distribution of urban utility and services in Miandoaab city.

Water is primarily basic material of Human’s life, it is used for drinking, agriculture, industry and transportation. It is predicted that two-third of the world population will experience the average to high pressure of water shortage in year 2025. Water is not following the geographic (political) frontiers, like about 40% of world population are living in river basins and lakes where include two or more countries. Although Middle East and North of Africa region have 5% of the population of the world, they only access one percent of the measure of world water. Consequently, there are great competitions for accessing water in any levels from local to international. So that’s why, the 21’st century is called "Hydro politic" by some of geo politicians. Hydropolitics studies the effect of decision-making related to using water in policy-making on relations among governments and people of a country. The shortage of water or permit for passing water from international boundaries is effective on political relations of governments and nations and also the relations of countries with each other.

Sustainable development and urban sustainable development has converted to a new and dominant paradigm in scientific and theoretical literature that is prevalent about urban development and planning. However, this paradigm has various perceptions and interpretations, but totally emphasize in the stability and continuity of development for public and for future generations, during the time, and a comprehensive view in economic, social and environmental complicated dimensions and the development process in a country and a city (Rahnamee et al. 2005, 178).