Journal of Historical Researches
Year:2015 | Volume:51 | Issue:2 (26) |Papers Count:7

In Achaemenid era, Ilam province, remarkably its capital Susa, had a great position. Susa not only has been mentioned as Parsian's center rather than Perspolis through ancient texts but also was one of the four greatest capitals of Parsian. In parallel with Perspolis, Some of significant buildings of this complex such as Apadana were constructed in Susa. In this essay, it has been endeavored to investigate the position and importance of Susain Comparison withPerspolis by employing Achaemenid Inscriptions (notably susa ones), Perspolis tablets in Elamite, texts of Old Testment, Greek historians' studies and rockreliefs of this period. For this purpose, this study deals with constructional activities and the position of Susain Comparison with Perspolis through Herbic texts and Greek historians' studies.

Dream-interpretation texts are one kind of literary texts which are divided into two categories: 1-interpretation of a dream 2- explanation of a dream. Qajar era is one of the considerable historical periods for dream-interpretation writing. In this period, dreaminterpretations texts also contain critical, political and social contents. Among these dream-interpretation texts, Etemad Saltane’s Ecstasy, Seid Jamal-A-Din’s True Dream, Mohammad Hassane TajereKashani’s True Dream and Molla Fathalie Esfehani’s Wonderful Dream are considerable. This article aims to reveal not only the reasons of authors for choosingdream-interpretation framework but also similarities and differences ofthem based on historical researches by employing analytical– descriptive approach. The results of this study demonstrates that despite of some slight different viewpoint among authors of this kind of books, they not only had critical perspective but also endeavored to spread modern ideas by criticizing the socio-political system of that age. These authors selected dream-interpretation framework to express their critical ideas in order not to be engaged in despotic atmosphere.

The fall of Isfahan in 1135 A.H/1722 A.D followed with the fall of Safavids. In this situation, different groups endeavored to take power by providing social grounds. These groups tried not only to take advantages of Safavids' legitimacy, but also to weaken the power of the legitimacy of this dynasty. In such condition, Nadir wined to be pioneer in preparing social grounds by employing his military and political activities. Legitimacy_ seeking efforts of Nadir were a continuous process that led to the most significant social change of the first half of twelfth century, i.e. the elimination of Safavids. Undoubtedly, thesocial grounds of this change were the activities of Nadir in society which dramatically suffered after fall of Isfahan. This research is a social history one which aims to explain the attempts of Nadir for providing the social grounds of his sovereignty and considers this issue by employing descriptive- analytical method. The results of this study demonstrate that although Nadir could take power by military achievements, establishment of council of Dasht-e Moqan and control of this council by various trends, he was unable to establish stable government. Thus, his activities are regarded as a social change and could not make a great change in society of Iran notably in principles of government's legitimacy.

Shekh al-Islam was one of the most significant religious positions during Safavid era. One of the functions of this position was spreading of religious jurisprudence and Shiite beliefs in court and the center of provinces. Seemingly, the appointment for this position was inheritable based on the choice of king and Sadr. The candidate must not only have scientific competences and public acceptance but also inherit this position from his father. Shekh al-Islams were in charge of such affairs including regulation of situation, dismissal and appointment of political and military system, engaged in religious jurisprudence system, fulfill of contracts (vaghf nameh), the economical and constructional activities and removal of social crisesof Kerman. Besides, some of them had effective role in estimation of rate of agricultural products by taking possession of farmlands andalso avoided to pay tax to government. Shekh al-Islam not onlywere not satisfied with their position as representatives of Safavid's government but also endeavored to get promotion by making intrigue and conspiracy in court. The result of such activities was not positive for Safavid's government. This article aims to analyze the socio-political functions ofShekh al-Islam position in Kerman at the end of Safavid era based on analytical-descriptive approach by employing studies.

Holy Prophet established effective policies in economical- religious fields in order to develop trade and economical development. By making these reforms, the Jews' monopoly for economical affairs gradually broke and the encouragement of Muslims to internal and external trade caused the prohibition of tax payment. Furthermore, merchants became to be considered as holy warriors and internal and external trade developed based on Islamic rules among tribes and neighboring countries. By employing these policies, not only the things such as hoarding, usurpation, trade of some goods like wine, cheating in deals became forbidden, but also the market of Muslims regulated. This essay deals with theinvestigation of economical and commercial policies of Prophet of Islam in Madineh.

The foundation of modern schools remarkably developed at the end of Qajar era. Such schools were established and controlled by merchants and political and cultural characters. During period of Pahlavid I, a great effort was made for alerting the cultural institutes. The rapidly spread of these new institutes and the elimination of traditional ones were concluded from this cultural change. Among the number of cultural institutes which were constructed during period of Pahlavid I, Iranian foreign schools were such these ones. Iranian schools in Mesopotamia (Iraq) were one of the most important of them. This article aims to reply the following questions by employing document studies and descriptive_ analytical approach: What are the reasons of foundation of Iranian schools in Iraq? And how did such schools effect on spreading of Persian language and literature? The hypothesis of this study is that Iranian schools in Iraq had a significant influence on the propagation of Persian language and literature.

This study deals with Sasanian taxation which can be considered as one of the most significant social and economical events of Iran history. In taxation of Sasanian, tax and poll tax were the most important income sources of kingdom. Some reasons such as Fluctuation in taxation incomes, lack of a regular and fixed system, difficulty in managing of budget and pressure on farmers caused Kawād to change the policy of taxpayment. In other words, the person who took this policy and changed the method of tax payment from crop-shares (Moqāsama) to surveying or measurement (Misāha) was Khosrow. The new method of payment not only related to the rehabilitation of agriculture, improvement of irrigation and the situation of kingdom’s lands, but also had the considerable advantages for sovereignty. The aim of this study is to compare the method of tax payment system before Khosrow's kingdom with the new one and its advantages for farmers and kingdom during Sasanian era.