TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF PERSIAN LITERATURE (RESEARCHES ON PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE)
Year:2010 | Volume:2 | Issue:6|Papers Count:7

The following article is a comparative study of Attar’s Sheik of San’an and Goethe’s Faust. Both stories demonstrate a similarity of theme and structure as they call upon the reader to discover the external world through journey and have a deeper conception of his inner self via meditation and contemplation; though it is true that Attar and Goethe have different worldviews and that they belong to two diametrically opposed epochs. They have a similar conception of certain things and have therefore used a certain structure to express them. Furthermore, both stories express religious themes in a new way that transcends the tradition. The author has also tried to show that the Islamic mysticism might have been a source of inspiration for Goethe.

The concept of Right or Straight has been used prolifically for designating directions. Whenever scholars have encountered "Right Path" in the old texts, they have interpreted it as opposed to “Left Path” and ignored the etymology of "Path" (Rah) and the main meaning of Right Path. An analysis of the expression "Right Path" in old texts reveals that when right is used as a modifier for path, it is not an opposite of left; rather, it signifies a clear and obvious path as opposed to a dead and/or an unknown path. In this study we have tried to clarify the significance of "Right Path" and we have shown a military device which has been ignored in the old texts. Moreover, we have corrected some of the mistakes in the works of textual critics of old texts.

In order to achieve the ultimate purpose which is getting rid of humane materialities, path weyfares should traverse different stages successfully. In order to traverse these hazerdous stages, some conditions and rudiments are needed. “Eynolqozat” enumerates some of them. Among these conditions and rudiments, the following are the most important: doubt, demand agony, love asset, presence of the master.He, who guides the disciples with great enthusiasm, recommends the wayfarers to submit all of their existence to their master and know that there is no benefit for an action which is done without perfect obedience to the master. And he also believes that companionship with talented people and serving them is so useful in spiritual catharsis and he emphasises the importance of prayer and blessings. He considers volitional death which is tantamount to auto-generation and seeing God and Eternal World, as one of the necessary conditions.Besides these conditions, the Judge of Hamadan believes that path wayfarer should consider the seventy three nations paths as single path and not demand God in the world or the hereafter. Rather, as he gets rid of vanity, he can seek Him inwardly. Since the Rath of demanding is inward not outward.

Undoubtedly, Macedonian Alexander is one of the history makers and effective miens in the history and civilization of human being. It is surprising that independent works on Alexander in Persian literature are much more than any other historical or mythical figure. In addition to many historical texts which are talking about Alexander, s life and personality in detail, eight works have been written in prose and verse about the story of Alexander, s life. Three of them have been written in prose and five of them have been written in verse. There is no attention to prose works in this regard because researches in this field have been on verse works especially in Alexander’ snameh and Shahnameh. In this study, we try to study and analyze the Alexander, s story in Shahnameh, Nezami, s Alexander, snameh, Alexanderian mirror, Kheradnameh of Alexander and Alexander, snameh which was narrated by Kalistence, the story of Alexander in Darabnameh and Alexander, snameh of Manuchehr Hakim in order to recognize mythical and legendary mien of Alexander, s behavior, speech, and deed as well as the authors, views in these works thoroughly and carefully.This study consists of three sections: (A) name, race, and lineage (B) personality and manner (C) Alexander, s military expeditions and his enemies.In these sections, we will also study the differences and similarities of the mentioned works about Alexander. It must be said that in the beginning of each part, we will offer the historical issues about each subject briefly to make the readers more familiar with these issues. And in the last part, we will study the reasons of frequent regard and notice of Alexander in Persian literature and language.

Colour is recognized as one of the criteria for personality analysis in modern psychology. Colours are a kind of energy and visible sounds which play an important role in one's life. Their influences on human's soul and mind are undeniable. In other words, colour can be considered as a reflection of one's mental and physical situation since colours have special influence on soul and body equally. Max Lusher's study of colours is among the most recent theories which deal with psychological analysis and character explication. In this method, colours are introduced as numbers. Those which are denied and those which are well-accepted are the reflection of one’s thoughts and feelings. Hence, word selection and colour choice can help us to analyze the poet's personality and mind. Among the modern poets, Forogh Farrokhzad has repeatedly manipulated colours in her poems among which "black" is a specific one. This paper aims at interpreting Forogh Farrokhzad poetry in terms of colour analysis on Max Lusher's theory.

The present paper aims at searching for some essential concepts of modern linguistics in Nasir-e Khosraw’s writings through reading back one of his prose works under the title Jami' al-Hekmatain (written 1069 A.D.). To this end, we have first focused on one of the chapters entitled "andar notgh va kalam va ghowl" (On the Faculty of Language, Discourse, and Speech) as well as some other chapters of the book in order to introduce Nasir-e Khosraw’s linguistic ideas, and then, we have tried to compare these ideas, one by one, with the findings of modern linguistic theories. By doing so and by making reference to theoretical and methodological consequences of the linguistic notions in question, we have indirectly focused on the depth and significance of Nasir-e Khosraw’s viewpoints in relation to language.

Semiology is a new science and its history returns to several decades ago. This science has a great capacity for reading and criticism of literary works. If this science approaches to literary analysis and critism, it will provide a great deal of precise scientific possibilities for the critics. Semiology classifies signs and codes into distinguished frameworks and this classification is the raw material for structural criticism of literary works. Although Nima Youshij’s "Afsaneh" is not the first non-traditional Iranian poem and has a long way to its original structure, but because of some innovations (especially in content), it can be considered as the first Persian Free Verse. Indeed, "Afsaneh" is one of the narrative poems of Nima that comprises two narratives and some partial narratives. In this study, the narrative aspects of this epopee will be considered. At first, two main narratives are analyzed semiologically, i.e. the type of signs and codes are recognized and, then, according to this distinction, their frequency and functions, the narrative state of poem will be analyzed.