Geography
Year:2017 | Volume:15 | Issue:54 |Papers Count:24

Present research explains the perferable scenario of areal integrated development and optimal strategies for its implementation in Minoodasht township. First step in this research was identifed and analyzed the effective factors in areal integrated development with emphasis on rural-urban linkages. In this regard used the Delphi method and cross-effects matrix (Mic-Mac software). In this way, 28 factors were identified as key factors. The second step is to explain the plausible and probable future and build the scenario. At this stage, plausible futures were firstly determined on the basis of key drivers. Within these futures, probabilistic futures were identified, and then the likelihood of realization of each of these believable situations was as follows in the form of a five-choice Likert spectrum (very much Low to very high). Accordingly, the situation with their score above the average (x=3) was identified as probable future, which was the basis for mapping the desired scenario. Based on the findings of this section, the focus is on the development of tourism activities. To select the best strategies used SWOT model and hierarchical analysis model. The findings of this section also show that aggressive strategies are the most effective strategy. The hierarchical analysis model also showed that the top strategy among the aggressive strategies presented is based on the combination and development types of tourism as a tourist package, introducing and presenting attractions, facilities, programs, etc., through the capacity of cyberspace.

This study was conducted to assess rural development in the rural districts of the province, applied research is a method of utilizing Association with Fuzzy Multi Attribute Decision Making. Research Methodology descriptive and analytical and the data gathering method documents and collect the purposes of the research data and information on population and housing census statistics tables and forms common (especially Statistical Yearbook 2011 Bushehr province). The study population was the whole Rural district of Bushehr Province, To assess the level of their development, with 84 components in the form of development indicators from official statistics Bushehr Province and examined using the technique of Fuzzy VIKOR. The findings of research analysis outlining a space for unequal region and unfair allocation of resources and rural services in rural areas of Bushehr Province, Showed that a total of indicators, Rural districts suburbs (county of Bushehr), Assaluyeh, Zyrrah, Poshtkuh, Has the highest rate development and rural districts Anarstan, Bordekhoon, Lyravy middle and Abdan have had the lowest rates of rural development. In the end to eliminate regional imbalances in Bushehr Province and social justice in rural areas of Counties of Bushehr Province, Was presented applied suggestions and determined development priorities to segregation rural district.

In rural areas, because of structural-functional limitation caused by the economic and social activities, rural residents emigrate to urban settlements in order to find better economic opportunities and prosperity. The purpose of this research is to analyze the role of socio-economic factors in rural-urban immigration, in terms it’s of nature, descriptive-analytical and functional targeting. The statistical society of this research is 373 households living in villages of noor ali beige region. They were chosen by cluster sampling method and using two dimensional matrices of distance and socio-economic status and Morgan table. With regard to basic quantitative analysis, fittest test of gathering data and questionnaire were used to determine the validity of judgment by community of experts. The reliability of this instrument was measured by Cranach’s alpha method. The alpha value (by 30 sample) foe economic index is equal 0.732 and for socio-cultural index 0.900. The statistical analysis is used Kolmogorov-smirnov tests for normal variable, binomial test to determine the importance of each items and Friedman’s variance analysis to prioritize the factors.The results of the research indicate that among economic indicators affecting rural immigration, the highest one allocate to employment and lowest relates to agricultural mechanization. In socio-cultural index, the most important factor in immigrating is the proper residence and the need for progress and social status, and the lowest is the lack of health facilities. finally, in order to moderate immigration in the studied area, the relative advantage of rural economy should be strengthen and relations and link between rural settlement and city of saveh on local-regional scale should be established; and the basis of the settlement network model should be established for sustainability of rural-urban settlements.

Iran has many potentialities for the formation of regional disparities. There are intense inequality between provinces development in common and especially between central and border regions of country. The development index has relatively improved over the past 15 years, in all provinces, but, provinces with the highest and lowest development index is almost unchanged. The main aim of this research is analyzing current regional disparities and explaining its creation and continuity factors from the viewpoint of new economic geography. Study area of research are all provinces of country as geographical regions, but, Sistan & Baluchistan province as a less favored area has been investigated for demonstrating local factors effective on regional divergence. Research required data are collected through field study and some documents. The coefficient of variation has used for understanding Iran regional disparities. Viewpoints of 50 local experts has been analyzed through liker's method for extraction local factors effective on underdevelopment in Sistan and Baluchistan area. Research findings show that two factors are effective on country regional disparity. First, adherence to the conventional economic geographical view based on neoclassical and neoliberal approaches, and neglecting new economic geography in the planning. Neoclassical approach scientifically, haven't explaining, predicting and prescribing potentialities and its resulting planning cannot lead to regional convergence. Second, lack of production-oriented institutions are important effective factor on regional disparity and its continuity in Iran. Lack of production-oriented institutions formation has rooted in the rentier system.

Tourism development in urban areas of different components affected, including the environmental quality of these areas which is effective in the satisfaction of local residents and tourists. So check the environmental quality indicators Tourism can be Power, needs and weaknesses in these environments Based on satisfaction Or disturbing the urban environment And ensure the stability of these neighborhoods Because tourists, considering the nature of tour ism, Looking for fun And leisure are combined with pleasure. For this purpose, they are mostly looking for destinations have the highest level of environmental quality. The purpose of this research investigating the role of environmental quality in tourism in Shushtar. In terms of purpose, the type of applied research and the method is descriptive-analytic. In order to collect the required data two documentary and field methods (questionnaire tool) have been used. Also the tool is used in analyzing information, using descriptive and inferential statistical methods in the Excell environment and using the Spss software is used. The statistical population of the study is two groups of tourists and urban households in Shushtar. T test results show single sample which are some of the quality indicators of the city of Shushtar From the perspective of both sample societies Research is higher than average Meanwhile, the highest average was due to the functional-structural quality (3.562), Environmental quality (3.281), Tourist Attractions (3.191), And security and comfort (3.114), have been. Also, the results of Spearman's correlation test indicate this the highest correlation and positive and significant relation between sustainable development index and functional-structural quality with coefficient.0537 and with a confidence level.099 There is. In addition, Friedman's test showed Low level of environmental quality dimensions of the study area less than moderate in size, Tourist attractions, safety and comfort, social and visual environment And above average in terms of functional-structural quality And the quality of the environment.

Patriotism is an old concept that is rooted in a sense of belonging to a place. Every person has a sense of belonging to a place wherein born or lived for a long time. However, nationalism is a political and modern concept. Many scholars believe that the root of nationalism is in 18th century. Formation of this concept is dependent on the modern concept of ”nation”. Due to the spread of nationalistic and patriotic trends among the various social groups, especially the academic communities, this article follows the measurement of these trends among the students of University of Tehran and compares this among male and female students. The required data and information collected with two methods i.e. field method and library method. Data obtained from the questionnaires have been analyzed with the SPSS software. Results of analyses show that nationalism and patriotism trend is more common among female students.

Agricultural production cooperatives are a suitable solution to achieve the economic and social development and realizing for realizing social justice. Based on this, the main aim of this study was describing the performance of agricultural production cooperatives in rural women employment, that was a case study in 28 villages that have cooperative company in Savojbolagh town in Alborz province. For this study descriptive-analytical method was applied. Statistical population include "villager members and managers of cooperative" with 708 persons and the samples volume for survey with questionnaire tool by Cochran method, was estimates 250 samples. The obtained results from descriptive and inferential statistics have showed the 6 types related to establishment of agricultural cooperative companies in these villages between 1981 to 2016 years, that the weighed average of the most of types were less than average and this show that the role of agricultural cooperative companies has not important and sensible in development of women employment. However the results of Chi 2 test has confirmed the hypothesis of the survey, but we should not forget that the effects of cooperative companies in employment and increasing income and reducing immigration of rural women, were low and investment and planning should be performed for improving the performance of cooperative companies and upgrading the situation of the women.

Strategic plans involve turning to collective wisdom, public participation, and democratic techniques. This approach calls for all stakeholders and development actors at the local and international levels for working together to raise a development strategy for a specific city or metropolis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of urban management in the success of the development strategy in Qazvin city. The research method in this study is based on a survey-quantity method and the gathering of required data was documentary and field-based. In the documentary methodology, the theoretical framework of urban management and planning, managerial dispersion factors and effective elements in the successful implementation of city development strategy are described, and ultimately, the role of urban management in the success of the city development strategy approach and through assay and assessment of the affective elements on inefficiency and failure of city development strategy has been analyzed. The research community is composed of citizens of Qazvin. The data collection method is based on a field survey, a questionnaire and a library. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software, using mean, variance, standard deviation and path analysis, data analysis and hypothesis / theory testing. The results of the research show that a total of 23 factors out of 29 factors influencing the inefficiency and failure of the city development strategy are more than 50 to 92 percent correlation and it obviously emphasizes that the urban management structure leads to the inefficiency and failure of the "city development strategy" approach.

Including the consequences of defenseless spaces in cities, less safe and more importantly reduce the sense of security among citizens, so evaluation these spaces and their effects on the sense of security of the citizens is essential. The purpose of this study is also evaluating the effects of defenseless spaces on the sense of security of citizens in the Bazar neighborhood of Tehran. This research has an applied aim and its methodology Library - survey (questionnaire) is. To study for defenseless space of three indicators (physical, social and social - physical) and three indicators sense of security (sense of security of language, physical and visual) are used. The sample size using Cochran's formula, according to statistical population (23, 696 people), 384 is obtained. To analyze the data, two software SPSS and SMART - PLS is used. The research results show that the between physical and social indicator’s sense of security of citizens there is a significant relationship, but between the social - physical indicators by sense of security, there is no significant relationship. As well as social indicators (crowding, privacy, etc.), the greatest impact on sense of security of citizens.

This article is studies historical factors that influences on rural management in Iran. Studied area of Taleghan city, located in Alborz province. In addition, hangers and requirements analyzed that affect the underlying mechanism of the phenomenon under investigation. Analysis of texts applied regarding the research problem and its purpose (historical analysis), the target community (Taleghan area). Among the historical sources related to the target community, ten sources examined. Research indicated that new rural management system weakened because of two categories of conditions (rugged topography and mountainous position, political-spatial isolation, and domination of the subsistence-based livelihoods economy) and interactive (domination of isolationism, religious fundamentalism, conservatism the villagers, the tendency toward supernatural beliefs, and independence and supremacy) and the consequences of them in the form of Self-control and Discrete action. Accordingly, in creating and effective rural modern management, attention to the cultural characteristics of the rural communities that affect the environmental perception of the villagers and their actions should emphasize.

The purpose of this study is to measure how appropriate the Zahedan city's body is for the disabled and veterans use and probably the risks and failures of that. According to the research hypothesis public buildings of Iran's cities is not suitable for the disabled and veterans' life, job and commuting. In order to test this hypothesis, the background of the effort to suit cities to the disabled and veteran needs was studied, the rules and standards of the city suitable for the disabled and veterans was searched and a theoretical framework was provided as a tool for measurement and comparison. At a later step, building condition of Zahedan was assessed and compared with scientific criteria and then analyzed. Yet to analyze data, the Weighted Sum technique for buildings was used. From the physical and managerial point of view the analytical results of this study indicated that Zahedan city is not suitable for veterans needs and generates some risks for them. Still the results of this study give recommendations for city planners and developers which contain strategies to improve criteria and physical indices, codification of law and rules and managerial plans to suit spaces for the disabled and veterans. Although this study has focused on Zahedan city, the model and process of its measurement and comparison is useful as a pretty efficient tool to suit building in other cities of Iran or the same countries.

Locating the Rural Fire Service and Safety Services is of great importance, For safety And prevent fires and accidents. Due to the high cost of locate firing safety services centers in all villages, Establish and correct locating caused increasing in efficiency usage of safety centers. In this study, Dashbnd, Nachyt and Rahimkhan as the case villages in Boukan county previous studies were selected to locate in the rural context. Results show that the models employed is absolutely correct invoices. The research is applied in terms of content and analytical - descriptive. It is a documentary and field data collection To locate the fire station in the village of tissue factor in the six selected. Layers corresponding to each of these factors with reference to the same Zone 38, WGS1984 UTM: and the same (cellsize 3.6 × 3.6) in ARC GIS 10 preparation has been. To determine the importance of indicators used software expert choice 2011. And then each of the factors using fuzzy models by means of standardized Raster calculator and a value of zero to a raster format have been In this case, the layers become fuzzy weighted.. Then fuzzy algebraic operations addition and multiplication performed on layers and overlapping layers were. Finally the fuzzy gamma operator places suitable for the construction of a fire station in the rural context.

Nowadays. Citizens' participation as a key element in achieving the expected goals has a great importance in the management of urban affairs. Because involving people can play an important role in creating urban equilibrium. So, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the tendency of Neyriz citizens to participate in participatory management and explain the correlation between the degree of citizens' access to the components of social capital and their contribution to urban management. single-sample T-test, Independent T-test, variance analysis, Tukey, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman and multiple regression are used to analyze the data. The results of the research and the results of single-sample t-test (`x=92.23) indicate the average of citizenship participation rate and This is a significant correlation between participation rate and variables of marital status, job type with significant level of 0.000 and 0.031 But it is not correlated with two variables, gender and literacy rate. On the other hand, there is a significant correlation between citizens' access to social capital with their participation rate with a significant level of 0.000 and the Pearson coefficient of 0.446̽ ̽. this means that, the greater social capital among individuals, the proportion of citizen participation in urban management increases. In this regard, the results of multiple regression show that among dimensions of social capital, social cohesion with a beta value (B=0.292) has had the greatest impact on citizen participation in urban management. So that the linear combination of variance of social capital dimensions can explain 21% of the variance in the level of citizen participation.

In this study, used to data from six major pollutants measurable standards Tehran air containing sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone gas (O3 In a period of usually 11 years from 2002 to 2012 for a total of 4018 to analyze and assess the historical distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere in Tehran.In this study different methods included descriptive statistics, linear trend component analysis of time series in particular, descriptive statistics, polynomials, and exponential regressions and Mann-Kendall nonparametric method for detection of the significance of trends have been used. Historical trend analysis data showed that the SO2 air pollution in Tehran with a share of 3, CO, with linear, NO2 and O3, with a view to contribute degree 2 is a better fit. The particulate matter 2.5 and 10 micron did not show clear and significant trend during the study period. Results of mann -Kendall showed that the variation of pollutants CO, NO2, O3 with 95 % confidence intervals was significant, but the variability of the pollutants CO and particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 aren’t significant. Therefore according to the historical data of some air pollutants in Tehran and is expected to continue its current NO2 air pollution in Tehran has increased significantly and will continue to air pollution in Tehran with regard to the above mentioned pollutants continue. But if emissions of CO and particulate air pollutants PM2.5 and PM10 with the current trend continues, a significant decrease of pollutants is not expected, but the current trend is expected to continue the process and pollutant emissions of CO.

Compared to the statistics of the past four decades, the population of Tehran has almost doubled, but the population of the Tehran urban area has more than nine times, the rapid expansion of the region without a specific pattern and program has exacerbated undesirable effects, including has been increased regional differentiation and Spatial heterogeneity. The purpose of this research is to attempt to expand spatial justice in Tehran's urban area by reducing the differentiation and interstial Spatial heterogeneity. The present study paid to assessment of the degree of development in district settle ment by reviewing the 7 main criteria including31indicators.In data analysis in addition to using statistical methods and TOPSIS, it was used Shannon Entropy method to weighing the indexes and The Arc. GIS software prepare maps. The results of the research show that the city of Tehran was in the first cluster alone and in the integrated measure, the degree of development and with the score0.782 is about 3 times the settlements of the second cluster, Thats mean, Islamshahr, Shahre Qads and Karaj, was15times the settlements of the fourth cluster, Pishva, Firoozkooh and Baharestan, on the last.This topic indicates a very high concentration of developmental criteria in Tehran and proves the existence of inequality and extreme spatial heterogeneity between city Tehran and other settlements located in Tehran's urban area. It seems that adopting policies derived from the multi-centered development model and attempting to promote the developmental indicators of the peripheral settlements in Tehran can led to reduce the differentiation and spatial heterogeneity and expand spatial justice in the region.

Today, environmental problems are one of the most important urban issues and conflicts with the natural environment. Because urban development has to be controlled by the building industry and transportation, and economic activity on natural spaces, this dominance is dominated by the language in the from of dominance of the city over the nature of the city. The fact is that the root of contemporary environmental crises should beviewed in the view and interpretation of the environment of natural search. In other words the main problem is the knowledge and the world of the nose. Green city is a new approach to making solutions to change destructive behavior and to encourage positive environmental behavior. The use of energy in home, use of insecticides, disposal of waste materials in non-sanitary manner nonsegregation of waste for recycling, and that is not the result of a partnership program. The city of Shemshak is the first candidate for the green city, due to its environmental ability and tourist attractions to implement green indicators and become a high-quality model and model for other cities in the province of Tehran and the country. In this context using the SWOT technique (analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) to identify the effective internal and external factors in this context. It deals with the plan to realize the effectiveness of green indicators in this city.

This research is trying to assess the hydrological cycle and its trend in Iran. It is also tried to study the effect of NAO, AISMR and ONI Tele-connection pattern on the spatial variability of precipitation in Iran. For this purpose, the precipitation and precipitable water data during the 1979 - 2014 were extracted and analyzed from NCEP / NCAR. Then the hydrologic cycle was calculated on the basis of reproducibility time formula. The maps of this cycle across Iran were drawn. The analysis shows some region like Southwest Caspian Sea, Kermanshah, Lorestan have had the short hydrological cycles (5.5 to 11.5 years) due to the topographic and neighborhood effect. The longest hydrological cycle (98.30 to 141.17-year) have happened in the East and South of Sistan and Baluchestan. In the South East of Iran, AISMR has negative correlation (sig<0.01) with the hydrologic cycle. The negative phase of the NAO in the middle of the Iran caused shortening the hydrological cycle. Spring ONI has negative correlation (sig<0.05) with the hydrologic cycle in the North-East and South-East and hydrological cycle in the West has negative correlation (sig<0.05) with autumn and spring ONI.

Knowing differences between different areas in the city basis of severity of the enjoyment of the different indicators, to determine the levels of development or deprivation, reduce regional disparities and programs tailored to the conditions and features of each region, necessity is inevitable. Therefore, the present study is a descriptive - analytical sought to achieve three aims: 1.determine the status of Ahvaz in terms of development in urban areas having different indices and the compilation model of Vikor, Topsis and Saw, 2.Offering a clear result and overall enjoyment of the situation according to results of the three models based on the techniques Kaplan, and 3. Comparing the model and also determine the a Proper Model to determine the enjoyment. The study population included 7 urban districts of Ahvaz. Data and information you need, including a 21 variable, by referring to municipal and metropolitan statistical yearbook Ahvaz is collected (about 94 years); To explain the situation to a better development of the regions of the facilities, required by GIS map is drawn. The results show that no area in the city of Ahvaz enjoys high status there, 25.57% Regions of the two regions 4 and 1, is relatively high and the majority of the 5 regional areas, 2, 3, 8, 6, and 7 (71.43% of areas) in the state of being average and being developed. Topsis method also showed that equation changes dramatically better than other models (Vikor and Saw) for measure the status Regions have been Because the results of the model has changed drastically percent less.

In current research, the main objective is to determine the necessity requirements of establishing agricultural activities using hierarchical analysis method. Due to special climate and location conditions and resulting potentials from these conditions in Mazandaran province, agricultural activities are of the most important activities being done in this province. Each of these counties, have suitable or unsuitable conditions in accepting activities related to agriculture section, in which determining their level and their ability rank, is an important source for distribution of services and activities related to agriculture in the territory. Therefore, determination of related and accessible indicators in doing agricultural activities are done. Then the ability of counties of province in accepting farming activities as a subsection of agriculture based on specific indicators, was determined and available alternations in land exploitation and the intensity of its use in agriculture section were determined.

In all circumstances, man should be able to protect his life and his property against the natural and unnatural threats. The purpose of this research is to show the possibility of involving a country in unintended conflicts such as hard, semi-hard or soft war. Therefore, we must be prepared for each of them and defense of our Islamic homeland. Because there were more than 220 wars in the twentieth century with more than 200 million casualties for people. Then, this is a warning to us to be prepared.The research uses a descriptive-analytic approach to take advantage of the practical results. Because the subject is tied to the past, the historical method is employed. The research hypothesis raises that; our Islamic homeland has been faced with several important wars. On the other hand, facing with Islamic Revolution is one of the strategic objectives of the global arrogance. Iran is capable of as eight years of sacred defense to give the necessary training to all sections of society in the field of passive defense to defend the nation and the country.The result is that Imam Khomeini (God's mercy be upon him) in a part of his thoughts says: "In all circumstances, the vigor of the defense must be in the best condition. Over the years of war and conflict, people have touched the hatred and cruelty of the enemies of the God and themselves...". Therefore, by considering this remark and the necessity of securing and preparation, the principles of passive defense will be reviewed and analyzed for urban and rural architecture respect to building strength and the public safety.