Geography
Year:2015 | Volume:13 | Issue:44|Papers Count:14

The approaches to spatial planning change as the societies are becoming more complex. These changes show up in an increasing diversity of activity and mobility patterns of individuals, households, social groups, institutions and organizations. So, as the relative importance of some concepts like “distance” and “movement” declines in developed network societies, the importance of other concepts, as time and time-space, increase. Delivering proper response on these issues implies the development of an adapted strategic planning capacity and a shift in planning style. Structural-Functional Dynamism (SFD), as a strategic approach to the organization of space at different levels of scale, tries in modern social geographic context, to define complex issues of spatial organization in less developed communities, seeking solutions for their related structural-functional deep-rooted problems. This paper based on a comparative study of two different areas, aims to appraise the sufficiency of this `alternative' strategic spatial planning approach.

The fundamental technology of virtual space, in culture, social life, patterns of interaction between the state and the nature Threats role is important. This suggests that the national security state Thdydafryn other Limited to the real world, not the virtual world in tandem with the real-world environment is Thdydza government. At Among one of the most emerging threats, cyber-terrorism. And according to the density of dissident terrorist groups Environment of Islamic Republic of Iran and the increasing role of non-state actors in Thdydafryny with Take advantage of the virtual environment, the purpose of this article is based on, Cyber Terrorism aspects and scenarios And explored its potential in terms of national security under review.

Geographical inequalities (socio-economic inequality) specially in rural areas, has caused. the intense pressure to get a variety of services and facilities in urban areas. Space imbalances and inequalities in the distribution of facilities and services as the main property of city settlements spatial structure is observable in Saqqez. avoiding spatial inequalities and instabilities in areas, studying, evaluation and classification of settlements in terms of access to facilities and services and analysis of these inequalities is essential to achieve the required knowledge for planning and management of land. This study is descriptive-analysis in method. The main purposes of this study are the holistic and integrated leveling of Saqqez rural districts and analysis of inequalities there. The results indicate that the entitlement Status of this rural arease is different and unequal and has significant differences.

Dust storm is a common atmospheric phenomenon in arid and semi-arid. In this study the effective conditions on a dust storm occurrence in the North West of Iran is survived using a combined method of synoptic/remote sensing. To specify the time of dust storm occurrence we survey the ground measurement data in the study area. Then atmospheric reanalysis data were obtained from the NOAA website. Synoptic conditions are survived with mapping this data in GRADS software. Dust phenomenon detected using MODIS/AIRS images in the process of overlay land surface reflectance and dust score. The results show that th existing of high pressure gradient force in the northwest of Iran with promoting effect of mid troposphere waves (500 hpa) and jet stream activity in high troposphere (300 hpa) route the streams with high speed from the Iraq and Syria to the northwest of Iran. The remote sensing images Corroborates the route of dust Coincident with wind stream direction.

This present study simulates traffic nodes against possible earthquakes. This research is descriptive analytic functional purpose. The results indicate that the earthquake with intensity 6 Mrkaly, respectively, in the great majority of traffic nodes, high, medium, low and very low in District 1, District 1, 5 and 3, District 2, District 4, District 6 municipalities. Mrkaly earthquake intensity 7, respectively, in the great majority of traffic nodes, high, medium, low and very low in the region of 1, 5.3 and 2 district, District 4, District 6 and District 2 City Hall are located. In the scenario earthquake with an intensity of 8 Mrkaly, none of the nodes in the road traffic is not too low. Little traffic on the road network nodes are divided only 0.01, The traffic nodes in the middle of the 2 municipalities in the high range on the order of 4, 3, 5 municipalities and in the extreme, in the region of 6, 1, 2, 5.3 and 4 municipalities are located.

The urban problems caused by urban decline and deterioration in various dimensions economic, social, physical and environmental trends with increasing population migration to urban areas are increasing and vesting. As a result the expansion of deterioration inside the city or its surrounding areas formed areas which reflect the state of poverty and urban decline. Kashan is one of the centers of ancient civilization in the country. The historic fabric of the city that is the part of the urban distressed areas, associated with the problems of deterioration and urban poverty. The method that used in this paper is based on field studies and documents, and library method. The research results indicate that indicators of urban poverty and urban decline and deterioration in old Kashan, which act as a combination of spatial and functional decline in the quality and tissues.

This study is conducted with the objective of investigating the relationship between establishing parks and citizens feeling of being secure. Regarding to the assumptions of researcher in this field, there is a positive relation between beautification of parks in urban areas and increase offeeling security among the parks visitors. The theoretical framework of this research is based on theories of; defensible area theory, crime prevention through environmental designtheory, broken windows theory and the theory of social control. In order to achieve a representative sample, the considered sample size was 300 person and 150 questionnaires have been completed in each park by the park visitors. Judgmental sampling method was used regarding the structure of considered population. The most important analytical results of this study are: There is a significant relationship between park beautification and the feeling of insecurity among the people. There is a significant relationship between park beautification and the amount of social investment. There is a significant relationship between the beautification of parks and the evaluation of the crime incidence. There is a significant relationship between park beautification and the presence of people in the parks. These findings are in line with the assumptions of the theory of broken windows theory is defensible space.

Super heavy rain and abnormal floods in most cases led to occurrence of unpredictable heavy flooding and every year create a lot of damage in the sector of in frastructure, construction and agriculture for our country. In this paper in order to recognizing better the Temporal and local behavior of the super heavy rainfall 88mm on 12 April 2015, was paid to synoptic and thermodynamic analysis of this rain falling system in Qazvin city. First mentioned Precipitation, was detected from ground satations and then using data from the upper atmosphere and associated mapping, was analyzed super heavy rainfall in Qazvin city. The results showed that exist of low pressure with axis of north-south on half west of Iran from south Arabia till north of Iran and settling the cold high pressure on Caspian sea streching of very deep trough with axis of northeast-southwest on Turkey, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and the Red sea and located area of the study core eddy at all levels of the atmosphere on Qazvin. Topside weather at all levels that led to rising air and in stability and upward air flow for all levels of atmosphere, In addition to, Establishment located in central Asia and Siberia lead to increase instability and create unstable atmospheric condition for the city of Qazvin. Humidity of super heavy rainfall Qazvin are in levels 500 and 700 hpa of red sea and Persian Gulf. But in the levels of 850 and 1000 hpa, Arabian sea, Oman sea, Persian Gulf and Caspian sea play a major role to supply humidity for heavy rainfall.

Temperature changes leave undeniable effects on the level of evaporation and perspiration, hydrology cycle, sustainable agriculture and water consumptions. A major part of our country including the zone under study is located within the limits of fragile ecosystems of arid and semiarid zones throughout the world. Life, activity, planning and management of limited resources in these zones require knowledge and capability to utilize facilities as well as accuracy in operation method. Change of climatic conditions and especially temperature increase impose destructive effects on economic, social, agricultural and livestock breeding structure of the aforesaid zones. For this purpose, anticipation of temperature and its changes are specifically important. Mean, minimum and maximum data for synoptic station of Zahedan from the establishment until 2010 were received and used to anticipate the temperature of the station and its effect on the level of evaporation and perspiration. Static and normal natures of data were tested by Q-Q charts and autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation-correlation functions. The data was changed to normal and static data by using appropriate differentiation changes. Mean, minimum and maximum time series of temperature for each station were then anticipated. Accuracy of the model was assured by partial autocorrelation and functions of model remainders. In addition, validity of the model was assessed and approved by actual data of 2010 and 2011. Model (0, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1) was identified to anticipate temperature in Zahedan station. The effect of temperature change on the level of evaporation and transpiration was measured through calculating the potential evaporation and perspiration of the station using cropwat software and Hargrives method. Research results showed that all temperature parameters increased over 1.3oC especially in March, June and August and averagely about 0.9oC in December and January. As the result of temperature increase, level of potential evaporation and perspiration in the aforesaid months averagely increases about 0.22 and 0.08 mm per day. This severely affects water consumption in different parts.

One of the most important topics in the field of energy, geopolitical issue is energy. Level of reserves, production and transit of energy within the geopolitical energy are defined. Eurasian areas and especially in Russia in all areas related to energy has a unique geopolitical position is. Huge reserves of oil and gas, access to major consuming markets in Asia and Europe and having extensive transit network, a high capability for Russia has developed, to help pay energy to strengthen their power. Referring to the paper ahead of geopolitical power in the world and to areas of Eurasia energy politics in Russia after the regional and global deals. Question paper is that the reconstruction of Russian power after Yeltsin era to support what factors have been? Proposed hypothesis states that the energy utilization of geopolitical power to rebuild Russia after the Cold War has led.