Geography and Environmental Planning
Year:2010 | Volume:21 | Issue:3 (39)|Papers Count:7

The aim of this research is to recognize the dynamic and synoptic effective factors on storm formation mechanism and their effects on south –eastern of Iran. In order to synoptic analysis of storm, the synoptic maps of a few days before, contemporary and after storm extracted from NOAA organization and have been analyzed. This research indicated that main systems which lead to result in Gonu storm followed these circumstances: In sea level the anticyclone of northern Europe in 6th June divided to two parts: one of them located on Caspian sea that its southern tongue surround and induce cold air on the Iran and another one located on eastern of Mediterranean sea that continued to Sudan and supported cyclone. In 7th of June, the combination of cyclone tongue on Oman and Mediterranean Sea in 850 hp level leading to recession of African anticyclone. Therefore because of movement of cyclone to dryness land and lack of cold convection behind cyclone, cyclone disappears in the next days. In 7th of June, the northern parts of cyclone in 600 hp passed from southern and southeastern of Iran that lead to intense rainfall in region so that highest participation take place in Chabahar and Iranshahr stations, 15.3 mm and 90.5 mm respectively. In 7th of June, cyclone surrounded with two anticyclones in 500 hp level: one of them located on Indian and Pakistan and another one located on Africa and Siberian cyclone recession to Khorasan. In the 8th June, the precipitation nuclease highest somewhat moved to Hormoze narrow so that the highest precipitation received in Jask station with 92.4 mm and lowest received in Chabahar station with 2.3 mm.

Isfahan is located in center of Iran with desert climate continentally in mid-north and east and with mid-dessert climate in central parts and south and mild climate with rather good rain in mid-west and western south. This case causes drought factor to threaten Isfahan alternately and it has brought many damages in deferent parts of this city and its townships economically. These damages are various in proportions to geographical conditions of townships of this province. Among these townships, Naein has faced with unarguable and latent effects of drought on agricultural and gardening sections, because it is located in dry part east of Isfahan. In the years from 1378 until 1382, there has been the most sever drought which this recent research tries to compare financial damages resulted from drought phenomenon in rural agriculture section with townships of Isfahan and Naein. The aim of this resent reaserch is to compare and realize the effective factors which affect drought rate of agricultural and gardening products of Naein and to compare these factors with other townships and is also to find and use methods to decrease negative effects of drought on economical system of agricultur on differents rural parts of Isfahan. Reaserch method of this reaserch is descriptive-analyzing and survey and necessary statistics were prepared by agriculture and jahad -organization and statistic annuals and unexpected events of provincial groups also helped to collect to compare different levels of under agricultur and rates of damages. The rate of damages in agricultural and gardenhng section was estimated for each township with regard to geographical size and measure of under agricultural products with recorded rate of damages per acre in the mentioned years were evaluated by the method of statistic description and software EXCLE and SPSS compared and related. In the second stage, the recent proportions were drawn and mapped by software ARC-GIS. The results of recent analyzing of findings show that the losses resulted from drought in agricultural sections on townships of Isfahan have direct effects on the increase of rural emigration and changing jobs (handicraft, mining, …) and the recent maps and graphs show the rate of gardening and agricultural damages depend on geographical (western town- ships, central and southern has the most damages of all), conditions, levels of under agriculture, the rate of drought and crisis management in the mentioned years.

This paper investigates the role of environment conservation in the physical planning and rural guide line plans. However, in the whole scale, environmental conservation considered via planner and decision-makers, but in the small scale, especially in the rural areas that contains most of natural resources, is neglected. So, the main subject in this research is evaluation of the scale of attention to environmental conservation indicators in the guide line plans for physical planning of rural areas. Methodology in this research is based on library and field studies. The sample society contain 25 rurals in the four provinces where physical projects has been applied. The results of this research shows that physical planning studies in the rural areas have a shortage of spatial and systematic approaches and in the act, moves to similar- building in rural areas spaces without attention to their environmental diversifications. The suggestions in this process to resolve these problems are adaptation of physical planning studies based on environmental and local objectivities in the different places, appointment of rural environmental conservations indicators, identification of environmental sensibilities and strategies to improve environmental quality in rural areas.

Minimum temperatures in Iran were studied based on a forty years period data of 44 synoptic stations using statistical methods and techniques such as one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni’s multi comparison test and multivariate regression equations. Then the surface of Iran was classified annually and seasonally using GIS software capabilities and cluster analysis. Also kriging interpolation method was used for interpolating and estimating of temperature and it’s spatial variations in isotherm maps and CV (coefficient of variation) maps. The results of research specified four annual mean minimum temperature zones in Iran. Analyzing of annual and seasonal zoning maps obviously shows the role of latitude in distribution of minimum temperatures especially in the south coastal zone. But in other regions, especially in northwest region and Zagros Chain, the role of elevation is more important. Statistical tests such as one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s multi comparison test confirm the accuracy of zonings. On the other hand, standard deviations and CV values of matinal temperatures are more in high-elevation regions than low-elevation regions. Comparison of b standard coefficients of multivariate regression equations shows that the role of elevation in controlling of matinal temperatures is more than latitude in all seasons and also through the year. Also reviewing r2 coefficients reveals that the incorporate role of these two factors, whilst is very salient, has more importance in justification of winter matinal temperatures than summer ones. In other words, local factors (latitude and elevation) have more importance in controlling minimum temperatures of cold period of year. Inverse relations between elevation and latitude values of stations from one hand and annual and seasonal mean and absolute minimum temperatures on the other hand, are significant at 0.01 levels. Regression coefficients show that annual mean minimum temperatures gradient in the country is 5.9oC /1000m and the most seasonal gradient is 6.7oC /1000m in autumn.

City and climate are two anthropogenic and Natural systems with close interactions. Climate which relates to human comfort is the result of elements such as: radiation, temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation. The exact knowledge of place leads to identify climatic potentials and limitations for convenient use of urban spaces. In addition to functional, visual and aesthetical aspects in urban areas, it is necessary to consider climate and climatic design principles. The aim of this study is to analyze the climatic elements of wind and precipitation in Isfahan city as regards climatic urban design principles. So, the conditions of wind and precipitation have been analyzed using the data of Isfahan Synoptic Station for 1972-2004.

In this research, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were used as strong tool in simulation of nonlinear processes to predict drought cycle in twenty synoptic, climatic and hydrometric stations in Isfahan province. Where had daily statistics for twenty years. Neural network of MATLAB-7 was used for predicting and analyzing climatic elements. Input of ANN models including: monthly rainfall mean, minimum yield and maximum temperature which were related to the period between "1984-2004". Twenty year of this period was devoted for training and the remainder four years was spent on testing. The used network was Multi-Layer Preceptron (MLP) with Back Propagation Logarithm (BP) and Levenberg-Marquardt technique (LM). Different structures of neural network were created by changing input layers (6 models), the number of tines in hidden layers and output layers (2-20). The results show that among the analyzed patterns max temperature, yield and rainfall have predict significant role to drought in Isfahan and by application of ANN can be predicted the drought cycle by the confidence interval of 95%.

Land use without considering the topographical characteristics of the area leads to horrible consequences such as soil erosion, desertification, and natural resources degradation. This research which has been done in the area of Galougah in the eastern part of Mazandaran province aims at determining the role of topography factor on land use, in small section of the city (19,603 Hectares) via geographical information system and remote sensing data. For better classification of satellite images in order to design the map of land use, have been applied Maximum Likelihood Procedure which is a suitable and precise method in this area. Distribution and the area of different land use including human building lands, agricultural lands, gardens, pastures, overgrown and sparse jungles, perpetual water resources, sandy and stony lands, have been determined using Arc view software. The land systems map based on land use map and slope and hypsometry maps have been prepared. The results of this research showed that in the studied area, agricultural lands and overgrown jungles cover almost 95% of the area and 3.7% of the area square is allocated to other human usages that 90% of this land use is settled in flat plain with its altitude of lower than 200 meters. Therefore three major usages are settled according to the topographical region.