Journal of Poetry Studies (Boostan Adab)
Year:2012 | Volume:4 | Issue:1 (11)|Papers Count:11

Deviation from the standard rules of language is what all the poets do to create poems. In classical Persian poetry, the aim of practicing semantic deviation is to convey human emotions, to add to the beauty and artistic sense of the poem, and to eternalize the poem. Hence, this particular technique seems to be the main essence of poetry. Molavi is an example of the great poets who has used semantic deviation to distinguish his poetry, interestingly, numerous cases of semantic deviation observed in his poems seem to have been created quite unconsciously. This paper aims at examining semantic deviation in Divan-e Shams and illustrate some prominent cases. Results of the present study indicate the fact that Molana has used a variety of semantic deviation techniques like metaphor, diagnosis, similie, symbol, irony, and paradox.

Formalism is one of the modern literary theories which has yet not been fully discussed in relation to traditional literary theory. The first section of this study proposes that this basic theoretical investigation starts with the most important concept of Formalism which is called "procede" in French. The term which has been translated into different Person equivalences like "/tamhid-e sabki/, /xat-e mashi/, /fan/, /sana'at/, /shegerd/, /abazaar/, /faraagard/, /far'aayand/", has not been discussed in detail. Therefore, in the first section of the study, the translations and then, the definitions of this concept from original references have been examined. The analysis of the examples and, specifically, the examination of how a common theme is stated progressively in different couplets show that both viewpoints attempt to find a collection of nuanced linguistic changes of poetry and define them. These changes, which are the basis of beauty and symmetry of poetry, consist of a wide scope of components such as the number of syllables, circumlocution, repetition, and/or the substitution of the elements of speech. And they basically include the selection and combination of speech in any form that the conscious or unconscious stream of the poet’s mind which leads to the creation of excellent fragments of poetry. In the second section of the study, a very beautiful couplet from Sa’di and also, a couplet from Hafiz have been analyzed and then, by providing various pieces of evidence and argumentative discussion it has been shown that through appropriate understanding of the concept a new and deeper reading of both Formalism and the traditional sources of Persian poetry can be achieved.

Common spiritual and emotional backgrounds of two artists sometimes lead to the appearance of some works which are unbelievably alike though their writers live thousands of miles away. One such example is the two poems "Ay adamha" by Nima Yushij and "He was not waving but drowning" by the English Poet, Stevie Smith in which the two poets use the symbolic drowning of a human being to confront those on the safe shore of life. This paper analyzes the two poems to find out the similarities and differences in the political and social views of the two poets, the narrative techniques employed and the tragic ending of the two characters. Smith's poem is more focused on the narrative while Yushij's poem is centered on the narrator.

For Foucault, all social thoughts and human knowledge have their roots in power relationships. All social institutions, even those apparently humanitarian ones attempt to constrain human beings and their individual, social, and political freedom. Foucault’s theory is applied in many fields of Humanities and even in storytelling literature. Having introduced the approaches, the structure and the components of Hedayat’s "Three Drops of Blood" is investigated based on Foucault’ Theory of "Power".

A popular belief common among all nations is the conflict between good and evil forces, the division of the world into two zones of light and darkness, and the belief in the perpetual battle between the good (divine) and the evil (devil) phenomena, a battle to continue as long as life shall last, in which the final victory will be that of the light. Such a view can also be traced in the myths, religions, and even thoughts of the modern world. The objective of the present research is to investigate the origin of one of the parties involved in this battle: the evil forces and demons in Persian literature. To this end, it pursues the origins of such a thought in the Western Asia and the Mesopotamian civilization, the influence of which is undeniable on the Iranian culture. This study attempts to demonstrate the changes that took place in the above beliefs through the course of the time and the changes of geographical regions. The study is supported by the fact that the belief has passed both through the filtering of a reformer like Zoroaster and the culture of Islam as a religion. Meanwhile, the increasing awareness of man through the time and his dominance over the nature and his surrounding environment has also played a role in the evolution of this belief as compared with its early origin.

The present study is an attempt to analyze individuation process as an important archetype in the story "Jamshid and Khosrshid" and the difficulties and calamities that the hero of the story grapples with to establish his identity. An archetype refers to a universally understood symbol or pattern of behaviors or a generic version of personalities or persons, which is the same for all nations and cultures and was discovered by "Karl Gustav Yung" after extensive studies. Individuation process is one of the archetypes introduced by Carl Gustav Jung. In his opinion, the essence of human (self) is not completed yet at birth, and improves gradually with time by going through individuation process to become what it should be. This process takes different forms and is dependent upon various individuals and cultures. Jamshid and Khorshid is a couplet poem story of a young man, following his dream about a woman, who decides to make a journey from the east to the west of the world to find her. On his way, he faces a lot of problems and obstacles such as arriving Jins' land, sinking down into a dangerous sea, battling against a dragon, fighting with Akvan-e Div, defeating his rival and Khorshid's father's disagreement. In addition to individuation archetype, other important archetypes like ideal form of feminine element (anima), the ideal form of a good mother, the wise old man, dragon, sea, and various numbers can be investigated, too. Jamshid Having surmounted all his inner demonic forces, the young man becomes qualified to continue the way. Also, on his way, Jamshid benefits from the help and guidance of an old, kind wise man and a fairy. Although Yung succeeded in discovering and introducing the common archetypes in dreams and myths of various nations, these archetypes are very old and their use in the stories belonging to 600 years before it shows the presence of collective unconscious in all nations and humans from past to the present.

The nexus between literature and psyche has been conceived of from ancient times but an exact and methodical explanation for it was formed after Freud’s theory. Oedipus complex is one of the important theories suggested by Freud whereby baby boys’ affection to their mothers and their feelings to kill their fathers are accounted for. From this perspective and based on different pieces of evidence and justifications, the present study presents a different reading of the battle between Rostam and Sohrab. Zal cannot overcome the Oedipus complex, because of Sam’s (father) rejection, his absence and dissimilarity with him in achieving an inextricable link with phoenix (mother-beloved) and an unsuccessful life with Rudabeh. From the perspective of killing the father, since Sam is immortal, another layer of story reveals itself in the form of characters’ transmutation and behind the battle of Rostam and Sohrab, is in fact the quarrel between Zal (=Rostam) and Sam (=Sohrab).

The present study takes a mythological attitude toward the journeys of a hero in pursuit of immortality. Since a myth, in its simplest definition, is story-like and is repeated timelessly, the present study addresses the historical story of Alexander, which is the reiteration of the mythological model of Gil Gamesh in the beginning of the history. Taking the failure of Gil Gamesh and Alexander in achieving immortality into consideration, the researchers refer to the immortality secret of Khezr and Utnapishdym who become immortal in each of their stories. The secret is that gods or God grants immortality to those beings who struggle for His goals. According to Sumerian beliefs, Utnapishdym has fulfilled the goal of gods in creating humans and attempted to help them to survive disastrous storms. Then, drawing upon Young’s Collective Unconscious and Archetypes and Freud’s ideas, the researchers have depicted the symbolic journeys of each hero and intended life and death to be taken contrastively. In short, according to the theory proposed by Campbell and Lymyng, all heroes’ journeys in pursuit of immortality have been formed based on an archetype example of mythological hero journeys and that Gil Gamesh looking for Utnapishdym and Alexander searching for the Water of Life are not an exception to this.

Khaqani Sharvani's poetry, as one of the most precious Persian literary heritages, deserves a scientific and immaculate correction. Despite the availability of three well-known corrections of his poetry, there are still many mistakes left in these prints. Drawing upon the analysis of Khaqani's personal-specific imaging techniques, the present study introduces a basic and newly introduced criterion in correcting Khaghani's poetry deservedly. Then, to prove the effectiveness of the criterion, a number of corrupted records of Sajadi and Kazazi prints have been corrected critically and based on scientific standards.

Guardianship is one of the most pivotal issues in Islamic mysticism, in light of which other basic ones such as Monotheism, Prophecy, and Mohammadyie are discussed. Mirza Aboulghasem-e Raz-e Shirazi, the Shiite mystic of 13th century, is amid those who have played a significant role in illustrating Guardianship debates. In the present study, first, the evolution of Guardianship studies in Islamic mysticism is discussed briefly and then, a short report of the works of this great mystic is provided. Then, the significance and the use of this debate in mysticism are discussed. After that, while studying the meaning of Guardianship, its various classifications and also, debates related to it such as monotheism, prophecy and truthfulness of Mohammadyie are dealt with. Following it, comes the "Intercommunication Principle" as the way to contact Guardianship holders and finally, spiritual relationship, which is the result of having relationship with Guardianship, is fleshed out.