HOVIATESHAHR
Year:2012 | Volume:6 | Issue:11|Papers Count:9

Cities are like live creatures and have their own death and life, and if their biological equivalence doesn't get controlled through the time they might erode gradually. One of the factors disturbing this equivalence is deteriorated urban fabric and poor urban neighborhoods. These districts suffer from wide range of difficulties and problems such as social-cultural problems (social delinquency, cultural conflictions), Self-abandoned urban fabric (inappropriate aggregation, narrow pathways, inappropriate orientation), physical deterioration (inferior materials, inappropriate construction) and etc. on the other hand rapid growth of cities and variety of data has been making governing and controlling of cities difficult and problematic. However geographic information system (GIS) with two qualities of data managing and analyzing could be an efficient instrument for solving this problems. The other attribute of GIS is that it could be used to use different models which are helpful in many parts of urban affairs. Two models which could be used efficiently in this field are Factor Analyst and Delphi models. Factor Analyst with its capability of extracting some effective indicators from wide number of indicators assists the urban planning in shortening and extracting important factors and therefore in decision making. Delphi also by use of specialist's comments and ideas prioritize the indicators and sub indicates in recognizing deteriorated urban fabric.KhakSefid neighborhood in east part of Tehran, zone 4, is the case study of this research which is a neighborhood with unique characteristic such as small aggregation, extended deteriorated urban fabric, low price of residential land, high rate of low income population, mostly workers and labors. This neighborhood is an instance of mentioned neighborhoods, and demonstrates variety of social, cultural, and physical insufficiencies and problems. Therefore the aim of this research generally is defining deteriorated urban fabric from physical point of view and specifying priority of intervening in them, and specifically is how we could apply Factor Analyst and Delphi models by use of geographic information system, also finding correlation and relation between this two models. This research uses 9 indicators affecting the deterioration of urban fabric for analyzing this neighborhood, although the final indicators which are used in these models might be different in different places and it should be chosen according to the context of a specific place. Outputs of Factor Analyst and Delphi models by use of geographic information system, in form of vector and raster colored maps that each color shows appropriate level of intervention, indicates that both models approximately define common districts as districts for possible intervention. Correlation coefficient of these two models is 0.895 and determination coefficient of them is 0.8, also outputs of both are same in acceptable extent. Therefore using scientific methods and mathematic logic like Factor Analyst by use of GIS, with considering current situation of each fabric, could help the specialist in specifying deteriorated urban fabric; it could also help defining level and type of intervention in each region. One other important attribute of this model is feasibility of extension of this method to other cities of Iran.

The theory of preparation of "Structure- Strategic Plans" was proposed by me at the beginning of my new profession as the Director General of Urban Planning Office, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development in 1990 and preparation of the "County Structure- Strategic (Development) Plans" (sub-region level) were started according to this theory as the first step of bringing changes in the urban development system of Iran. The second step for changing the urban development planning system was proposed by preparation of the "City Structure- Strategic Plans" instead of the Master (Comprehensive) plans (traditional system) and "Basic Detailed Plans", "Action Area Plans" and "Subject Plans" (local level) in 1997. I started preparation of the city structure- strategic plan for Tehran, when I was the Deputy of Mayor of Tehran for Architecture and Urban Development with preparation of terms of reference and selection of consulting engineers for all 22 boroughs of municipality of Tehran in 2001.Selection of structure- strategic plans as the title of the theory is because it is necessary to prepare the structure of economic, social and physical development of the county or city at first and then the strategies for fulfillment of those structures should be proposed. Action area plans and subject plans should be prepared according to the proposals of the structure- strategic plan of the city for those areas or subjects which are introduced in that plan as the implementable projects in the scale of urban design. Basic detailed plans are also prepared according to the proposals of the city structure- strategic plan for those areas which are outside of the action area or subject plans limits.The process of the preparation of the structure- strategic plans is quite deferent with other planning processes. The proposed process has spiral shape and it has 8 steps in each cycle as follows: First cycle: Preparation of Structural– Strategic Plan, Action Area Plans, Subject Plans and Basic Detailed Plan.(First 5 Year) -Recognition, problem and difficulties analysis and considerations -Purpose objectives -Primary vision presentation -Presentation of various alternatives, their evaluation, best choice selection and final vision -Compiling of future city developmental structures -Presentation of strategies for city developmental structure fulfillment -Preparation of action area plans, subject plans and basic detailed plans. (First 5 Year) -Implementation of action area plans, subject plans and basic detailed plan and evaluation of implemented plans.Second Cycle: Revision of Structural– Strategic Plan and Basic Detailed Plan and preparation of Action Area Plans, Subject Plans. (Second 5 Year) -Evaluation of development rate after plans implementation of first cycle -Determination of purposes fulfillment method and rate of economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical development -Revision and determination of final vision (according to economic, social and cultural, environmental and physical development) -Revision and determination of city future developmental structures (economic, social and cultural, environmental and physical structures) -Revision and determination of fulfillment strategies of city development structures -Revision of basic detailed plan -Provision of action area plans (second 5 years) -Provision of subject plans (second 5 years).

The needs and characteristics of Tehran Metropolitan and the need for developing recreational places require goal setting and special planning from various view points, specifically in environment. The requirement is vital in conducting comprehensive development programs and natural resource preservation. Regarding the environment destroying process in mountainous regions, especially in south Alborz, along with other factors as- geographical situation, increasingly population growth, urban development and the citizens' need to leisure time and escaping from daily life stresses, make the importance of the region more obvious.Destruction of urban river valleys structure is one of the most important problems facing the environment and sustaining ecology of Tehran mega city. For their important functions in providing necessary spaces and recourses and strengthening the sustainability between green-open spaces in urban areas. This problem roots in the lack of notice for structure and function of natural corridors in urban planning.The main purpose of sustainable parks design is to create spaces that minimized the need to non-renewable energies and improve on connection between people and environment. Sustainable design is considered as important things to reach sustainability.In this paper one of the river valleys of Tehran which settled in region 22 of municipality, named Vardij valley has selected to designing sustainable park and the process and programming of sustainable design have done by emphasizing in simple layering of information.At the first with regarding to main road that connect municipality to site, a part of site selected to designing. Then basic environmental inventory about erosion and deposition, climate and air quality, plants and vegetations, geomorphology and geology, geological faults, surface water, outcrops of rock and…of site, have done and important data have collected in strength and weakness map. Then according to observation studies in site and visual attributes of inside the site and around it, analyzing of site have done. Then planning process in sustainable parks with regarding to local characteristic of site has done.With recognition of strength and weakness of site, the best places to developing have cleared and compatible and appropriate uses to developing of site specified with sustainable parks design principles. According to the principles of hierarchy for assessing the structure and function of river valley of Vardij, firstly in comprehensive level 15 zone specified, then possibility functions of each zone specified.Then according to natural and artificial characteristics and qualities of site, and landscape ecological analysis of site, a space near river basin and main road selected, and with approach of patches and corridor it has design. The patches consist of picnic places, parking, and other uses that need in camping sites, and the corridor consist of connecting way and river between patches. These methods in addition of having good effect on landscape aesthetics, can managing water, energy and soil in comprehensive With regarding of river valleys importance as natural element in up-level of Tehran and its direct effects in down-level that is Tehran city, effective design of such places considers as notable pattern to reach sustainable city.

This article is looking for the answer for the question that why and how man’s attitude in the ancient world toward order in nature and the world was changed in the modern science and architecture.The modern patterns of order, which are sometimes called disturbance and disorder, demonstrate a certain condition that we live and experience today. These attitudes are compatible with the new evolutionary and self-organized processes. Their rules are mostly elevated by the unpredictable and unstable sources. Order, from a new aspect, is an attribute inspired by man’s imagination and has no externalization. Today, Post- Modernism and Deconstructionism are trying to maintain the independence and detachment of the structures of the universe from a supernatural source in anyway possible; otherwise, they will lose their individuality and vitality. Architects observe, as the principle, the attitude affected by the motto “Form obeys the universal viewpoint” and the dependence of architecture on the world’s up-to-date complicated sciences.In the old version of thinking, which was rooted in religious cosmology, the order of nature and the universe in addition to having been rooted in divine order, could also serve as a means of its reflection and emanation.Also, in the architecture of that era, “geometry, ” “limit” and “measure” defined and processed the truth and existence in a work of architecture, and “order” determined the ways those limits were put together. “Symbol” as well showed how visible the truth was in those architecture works. Architects have demonstrated the divine emanation, sequence and the pervasive order with the help of the symbols of light, time, water, matter, and…, and the entire system ruling over them.The goal this article is trying to drive home is to show that although today’s knowledge has become experimental, practical, and prodigious, it is a necessity today to accept the religious attitude toward order in the cognitive level, and forming a harmony between order and disorder. If we want to receive and get use of the real order, we need a change in the attitude. The change in cosmology which accepts the divine order and meanwhile admits the sciences based on nature’s certain areas and its scientific consequences such as quantum, science of complexity, self-organizers, fractals, and …, admits it in terms of a supernatural principle and tries to recognize the scientific details in it; that is, it is believed that there is a much more meaningful order than the order imposed by the old version of rationality within life’s coincidental phenomenon. Creativity in architecture is also the concealed harmony within the complexities. No unity, cohesion and regulation would ever mean anything without order. Without disorder, variety and innovation would be limited. In blending order with disorder, total order and partial disorder is the recommended solution. Order and disorder together can act toward the perfection of architecture.Considering the dual approach in the article, the research approach concerning the subject will be quantitative and based on pure sciences or qualitative and based on the existence dimension and anthropology its recognition.

More than one third of the world populations and 20 million people of rural areas located in Iran are living in buildings made of earthen materials. Structural performance of such buildings revealed to be weak and easily broken if exposed to any lateral earthquake load that inhibit on-time reactions and initiatives of its residents during earthquake.Despite the adobe infirmity and instability against lateral tensions, construction of adobe made buildings would bring about further reduction of operating costs and emission of environmental pollutants compared to other brickwork materials. Therefore, strengthening adobe tensional solidity would enable its public use in construction of a variety of buildings. Remained samples of ancient architecture scaled as public structures quite often have become stable through transformation of tensional forces into compressive ones. Lots of arcs and arches corroborate the idea behind such efforts. However, modular and micro scale residential architecture rule out construction of such huge arches and arcs. Reinforcement of adobe made buildings could be achieved through three areas of restructuring, structural material composition and strengthening adobe solidities. Restructuring is enabled through enhancement of material quality, increasing solidity of lateral walls specifically in the corners, lightening the structure and strengthen infrastructures and bases of the building.Considering adobe made buildings, walls are major issues in building seismic performance. Strengthening the structure stability requires minimization of load concentration on walls (e.g. using horseshoe forms of opening portals or application of underpinning plates meant for load distribution).Walls should be constructed as simple as possible with minimum fractures. Reinforcing adobe solidity through mechanical approaches and increasing pressure and density without any stabilizers requires concentration of adobe seeds and formation of an average aggregated block and capillary property. Regarding physical approach, strengthening adobe movements would be achieved through increasing appropriate stabilizer and creation of restraining network.With regards to strengthening techniques of adobe made buildings and existing standards in Iran (such as guideline no. 2800, 8th chapter, concerning instructions for making building materials and existing standards focusing construction of stabilized adobe made blocks and studies of composing optimized adobe used in reformation and renovation of Arg-e- Bam and Chaghazanbil temple), stabilized adobe made block plan for strengthening adobe made buildings in Iran has been investigated in the present study.Considering characteristics and features of existing soil, evaluation of proposed adobe made block solidity requires a variety of walls’ cross-sections. Stabilization of such idea and performance test of sample wall made of compressed adobe made building requires to be compared with computerized modeling and simulation of similar structures made of simple brick block and vertical skein. Although such system has achieved lower scores compared to common brickwork walls, it is in accordance with existing guidelines. Proposed system enables designers and drawers to consider required equivalent solidification for walls and its skeins that would bring about more accurate design, less total cost of the structure and eliminate the need for high certainty factor. In addition the said system is capable of designing multi-floor buildings far better than common traditional types.

Beauty and its manifestation in Architecture is a subject under the influence of culture, therefore; recognition of the consideration of aesthetic model indicates a viewpoint that emphasizes the perceptions derived from the cultural values, and the identification of the long-lasting contents which forms these archetypes. This is the very consideration which enables the subsequent architectural products to meet the psychological and sentimental requirements of man in facing the environment and living spaces; a satisfaction emerged from cultural conformity (as subjective issues) with built environment (as an existing objectivity).Thus, the way in which aestheticism is represented in Iranian Architecture is another consideration which, in the case of conformity with the cultural values and Iranian subjective backgrounds of space and aestheticism, can cause spiritual pleasure through this compatibility which is a quality varnished, enriched and continued in history.In this part of the study, the major attempt will be devoted to the survey of the subjective backgrounds, (resorting to emphatic inferences in worldview and literature). These are the inferences derived from the study of the language, literature and worldviews dominant in this country from ancient Iran up to Islamic era and attempt to demystify the mystery of the similar nature of the Iranian architectural instances in inspiring aesthetic sensibility in the observer or in other words to depict Iranian aestheticism.What accented in these two aspects –culture (the subject) and environment (the object) -can unravel the secret of the potentiality of Iranian architectural instances in fulfilling aesthetic requirements. The present article assumes that the secret of the potentiality of Iranian architectural instances lies in inspiring the aesthetic sensibility and creating borderline-hybrid spaces. These spaces are the by product of the interrelationship between architecture and nature, and are considered as the spatial manifestation of aesthetic model.by having recourse to tangible beauties (continuation of garden space and repetition of garden elements) on the one hand and imaginary beauties (employing abstract elements in similes of the sky and garden etc.) on the other hand they have the potentiality to evoke a sense of celestial world and threshold of heaven and thus to be a symbol of the visionary world that through the manifestation of divine beauties can display imaginary beauty by means of its minor images. This is the beauty that provides a place in signifying process to engender bliss and delight.A review of ancient Iran’s and islam’s culture and worldview could reveal the principles affecting the creation of beauty and the interrelation of beauty, light, lightness and water and represent the consequent aesthetic criterion.This is the worldview that indicates beauty and its creating potentiality.In course of investigating Persian language and literature also, the interrelation established between beauty and the porch (as term/ basis space) clarifies the highest point of spatial perception of beauty and its subsequent meanings and expectations.A space in which “Eyvan” has a basic term-space function in expressing its architectural characteristics and the recognition of its numerous spatial cases in Iranian architecture can be discussed more in another study.

Whole city with an independent identity and personality factors and the components comprising the identity of its own, and identify indicators that part due to the identity of cities, including cities that are large with a long history is undeniable necessity.Khorramabad including the cities and the contrast of natural elements and historical indicators of social identity as factors in the urban sector can be seen.Central zone of the Old City and the rich legacy of monuments Khorramabad past and have allowed, Collective memories of the historic fabric of the city as a platform for all citizens and social participation of people in the city, The core of the city (the historic fabric) has a special place in the city's identity. This study approaches - descriptive survey using AHP techniques and Topsiss to review and rank the historic fabric of identity factors Khorramabad paid.The AHP method indicators from the questionnaire separately and compared to paired And the relative weight of each, then weight the criteria to be assessed together, the set of coefficients, Superiority of each option in each of the indicators judged, In terms of degree of importance of factors affecting the identity of the historic fabric of the town Khorramabad were ranked.Investigation results indicate normal operating rate 0/419 points among the historical factors - cultural and social - as the economy became the top agent. Among the indicators of the normal operating parameters were studied river 0/013 between the ideal and 0/025 positive negative gap with the ideal amount of 0/806 Ci as the most natural index was introduced. Rough and steep ground, the natural limits of the city, the impact of the city, climate, geological and topographic structures, open spaces in historical context, Surface water and groundwater resources of flora and fauna and other natural factors that have been assessed.Historical factors - such as cultural indicators exist in neighborhoods with large old tissue, and there fortress FalakolAlaflak Ferris Zeid Ben Ali Shrine as a religious element, In the context of historical, cultural centers, training centers exist in a historical context, and historical centers As the second factor, and social factors - such as economic indicators: the value of land in the historical context, there business centers in the context and status of literacy and education, and residents Residents of public education context, the role of the early settlers, the immigrants As the third factor was raised. Maintain and strengthen the identity of the indicators can be part Khorramabad effective step to maintain communication as well as neighborhood safety, health is the welfare of citizens.The solutions proposed in this study measures to strengthen compliance with environmental issues in the context of identifying Khorramabad Hlvgyry of compromised elements of the tissue, Improvement and renewal of tissues within the city, emphasized the role of tourism as a factor in the identity of tourists is to get rid of Khorramabad and Traffic and access problems on city streets and old neighborhoods are more to appropriate.

Since ancient times, the Persian Gulf has been one of the world’s most important marine ways because of economic and cultural exchanges. Also due to its location between the east and west trading activities, its strategic position, and as a place with one of the world’s most important civilizations, it has always been targeted by the powerful colonizing countries.Culture, customs, and traditions of a region have a great impact on its tissues and monuments. Historical monuments in different parts of the Persian Gulf suggest that a modern architecture has always been existed in this region that the best example of which is Bushehr historical tissue.Bushehr, having a special port tissue in the south of Iran and the center of the Persian Gulf, is very important in the world. This cultural and historical value is related to its stable and naturalistic urban planning and architecture, presenting it as a work of art.Bushehr historical tissue can be the consequence of several factors that the most important of which is the Persian Gulf and its past history as a national one. This tissue is organic, dense, compact, having its own characteristics.One of its main priorities is reaction to weather, cultural, and social conditions.Bushehr historical tissue proves to be a dualistic architecture, being both endogenous and exogenous; thus, it is unique among the existing tissues.The skeletal structure of Bushehr old tissue has been shaped over time, when the city was expanding. City spaces and elements have all been created and placed in their proper position. This tissue and the relationship among citizens, have been formed based on environmental and weather conditions, production system of the community, involving the effective cultural, artistic, and technical factors. Thus, along with the changes in socio-economical foundations, technical advances, in art and evolution of value systems, it has welcomed the unwanted changes.A practical view of past architecture helps us understand ourselves, and is a way to get rid architecture without any identity. Studying both tissues one can notice the significant role of the Persian Gulf. The architectural designing of the space, using open, half-open, and closed spaces, balconies (Shanashirs), the type of full and empty spaces in facades, the harmony between the windows and the openings, architectural details such as palisades, movable balconies, local materials, and color, signify a purposeful and natural order, and a person’s unconscious to create Bushehr Old Tissue and the old Albastakiyeh neighborhood in Dubai.Past architecture of southern Iran has influenced the culture and architecture of the Persian Gulf countries and it has caused Arabs to progress in different fields, including architecture. Historical tissue architecture of Albastakiyeh in Dubai is a prominent example of Iranian architecture. The Persian Gulf countries are trying to introduce our Past architecture of southern Iran has influenced the culture and architecture of the artist ancestors’ experiences, transferred into their lands, as its own culture and art, in Arab architecture. It is our duty to protect, reconstruct, maintain, and develop this great national heritage.