Journal of Applied Sociology
Year:2019 | Volume:29 | Issue:4 (72) |Papers Count:12

Introduction: According to Thomas Tessie, people are now culturally abandoned. This cultural liberation has made people free from the stigma of traditional patterns of life. But this liberation can also be a bitter experience. Indeed, the world, instead of entering the postmodern world, is moving towards a period in which the successes of modernity are more rooted and more globalized than before. There is no doubt that the current modern world extends far beyond the scope of individual activities. No one is immune to, or opposes, the developments arising from the expansion of modernity. By accepting this fact, we are faced with the death and decline of the Enlightenment subject. As a result of these developments in the global arena, followed by self-consciousness derived from the conditions and characteristics of life in the modern world, there have been developments in the cultural and structural fields that have led to the emergence of the consumer society. The emergence of a consumer society, due to the increase in material commodities and the democratization of consumption, leads to the choice of everyday life. In this context, in the domain of identity, one of the essential components of everyday activity is choices that we normally make. Modernity, however, puts the person in a dilemma of choice, which does not help a person to help him in the choices he should take. This has many implications. One of these consequences is the importance of lifestyle and effective strategies.Material & Method: The present paper is based on Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. The meta-analysis allows researchers to combine data from several studies. For this purpose, the results of numerous and independent studies of the past on the subject are examined and then converted with the help of the CMA software, and a new statistic, which is called the effect size. The effect size indicates the degree of presence of the phenomenon in society. In the present study, in the first stage, after a preliminary study on cultural capital and lifestyle in the databases, 46 papers were extracted. In the next step, sociological researches that quantitatively and quantitatively examine the impact of the variable cultural capital on lifestyle have been selected. In the third stage, the selected studies were evaluated according to the information needed to extract the practical effect size. Finally, 8 papers were selected for meta-analysis operations.Discussion of Results & Conclusions: In the first step, to check the bias of the release from the funnel plot of the standard error by fisher's z, linear regression (Eggers regression intercept) and N-class error (classic fail-safe) were used. The results of this study indicate the symmetry and non-bias of the published researches and studies used in this research. In order to examine the homogeneity assumptions of 8 papers, the Q-test with 99% accuracy, rejected the homogeneity hypothesis of the studies and assumed the heterogeneity of the size of the research effect, so that the size of the random effects should be used to continue the study. The results of using the meta-analysis method using the effect size combination method show that there is a significant relationship between the total combinational effect of the random effects model and the cultural capital and lifestyle (0.828).In other words, the average size of the effect of the cultural capital on the lifestyle is equal to 288/0, which is moderate in terms of the Cohen interpretation system. In this study due to the heterogeneity of the primary research results, the effect of moderator variables was also studied. According to the common characteristics that should be studied, gender, marital and ethnic variables were selected as moderating variables. Based on the results, the size of the combined effect of women is 0.377, which shows that the relationship between the two variables of cultural capital and lifestyle in women is stronger than men. This effect in men is 237. The combined effect size in single individuals (344.0) indicates that single people are more interested in the role of cultural capital as a lifestyle constituent strategy than married ones. The combined effect of married persons is 230.0. Also, the effect size of the ethnic group (0.377) was higher than that of other ethnic groups (Maznay 29/0, Fars 0.28, Turk 0.27, and Arabic 0.24) which indicates the effect of ethnicity in relation to cultural capital and lifestyle. In general, the turning point in recent years of wealth-based Marxist discourse as the indicator of the social class of people based on the growth of consumer culture has increased the role of cultural capital in lifestyle. Considering the results of the meta-analysis and the fact that the research has been less focused on the identification and evaluation of the effects of moderator and mediator variables, it is suggested that. the relationship between cultural capital and lifestyle will be investigated with a method other than quantitative and statistical methods to ascertain the role of cultural capital on the lifestyle and the discovery of the missing key between these two variables.

Introduction: Happiness is a situation in which one feels and believes that his life is in the right direction. "Happiness as one of the basic positive emotions plays a decisive role in providing the health of the individual and society.Happiness is always accompanied by generosity, optimism, hope and trust, and as a catalyst, it can play an accelerating role in the development of society "(Chalabi and Mousavi, 2008). Studies have shown that "happiness, regardless of how it is acquired, improves physical health. Those who are happy, feel more secure, make decisions more easily, have more cooperative spirit and feel more satisfied with those who live (Akbarzadeh et al.2013). Happiness is one of the main components of the quality of life in all age groups, especially university students. Students suffer from various psychological stresses such as immigration, cultural changes, difficulty in dormitory environments, lack of interest in the field of study, educational issues and problems, a volume of courses, and so on. These pressures endanger their mental health (Sharifi et al.2010) All these factors, combined with other factors at different levels, can have a significant negative impact on students' happiness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of happiness among female students of Isfahan University and to investigate the role of some of its related university factors. Also, the results of these studies are important for university policies in the area of quality management of student experiences and how resources are allocated to enrich students' learning experience.Material & Methods: This study was conducted using a survey method and questionnaire technique. The statistical population of this study was all students of undergraduate and postgraduate students of Isfahan University. Students from different disciplines were selected according to the typology of Bacher (1987). For sampling, stratified sampling method was used. In general, based on research literature, hypotheses related to the impact of academic factors (such as social capital, academic satisfaction, the notion of a career future, academic self-efficacy and academic motivation) on the student’s happiness were tested. To assess the validity of the scales, content and factor validity were used.Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the level of happiness in students is not satisfactory. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results show that academic self-efficacy and satisfaction with the field have direct and academic social capital, career hope, and educational motivation have indirect effects on the sense of happiness among female students. The feeling of self-efficacy is also affected by social capital and interactions that students create with each other and with their professors in departments. The relationship between academic social capital and increasing their self-efficacy is in line with previous research. However, the radius of relationships and interactions outside the departments as membership in the communities and the associations have little effect on students' happiness. Unlike other researches (Nix, Ryan, Manly and Deci, 1999: Novel, 2017: Waterman et al.2008; Hassanzadeh and Mahdinejad, 2013), there was no direct relationship between the motivation (whether internal or external) to enter the university and happiness, but students who feel satisfied and self-efficacy have a greater sense of happiness. Along with other researches (such as Eliasi, 2006 and Sharifi et al.2010), satisfaction from the discipline also has a direct impact on the happiness of female students and also affects their happiness by increasing academic self-efficacy. Student satisfaction is also heavily influenced by students' perceptions of the future of their career. In general, happiness is influenced by various factors in micro (personality), meso (organizations and families) and macro level (economic, social, and political), which in this research merely deals with some organizational and academic factors. The present article's claim is that if the university has a dynamic environment, it can be a source of happiness for students. On the contrary, frustration in the educational settings, the uncertain future of a career, and the feeling of wasting life without the acquisition of scientific and cultural resources can be converted into economic resources and pave the way for mental pressures and depression other mental disorders, and social and cultural pathologies among students.

Introduction: Considering the role that education plays in the economic, social, and especially cultural development, and is the foundation of any development, this organization has been studied. An organization is composed of people who work together to achieve the goals of the organization. Therefore, organizational self-esteem as an important factor of mental health and employee’s adaptation is important, which can enhance the impact of social capital as links and connections among members of the organizational network on organizational health that leads to continuity and survival of the organization in their environment and achievement of human goals and purposes. By providing information from this research, the path to further research on the role of social capital on self-esteem and organizational health in organizations will be facilitated and smoothed. It is also possible to take an effective step by mediating the role of self-esteem among social capital and organizational health in order to realize employee productivity and effectiveness of the organization.Materials and methods: The method of this research is correlation and is based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research includes all administrative staff of the Department of Education of Urmia, which according to the staffing of education personnel, the number of these employees are 380 people. By using a simple random sampling method, 200 people were selected as sample. The Morgan table has been used to determine the sample size according to the size of the statistical population. The required data in this study is obtained by using of three standard questionnaires: social capital based on the model of Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998), organizational self-esteem based on the Piers and Gardner’s model (1989), and organizational health based on the Hui and Fieldsman’s model (1996). To analyze the data SPSS software version 20 was used. Descriptive indicators and their correlation matrix were calculated, and then Structural Equation Modeling Method was used to study the causal relationships between variables.Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The results of statistical analysis showed that the direct effect of social capital on organizational health is 0.45, which is positive and significant at the level of 0.001. According to this finding, the first hypothesis of research is supported and it can be said that there is a positive relationship between social capital and organizational health of the staff. Therefore, through mutual trust, mutual social interaction, and social groups with a sense of collective and group identity, it leads to competence, achievement, progress, ability, adequacy, reliability, independence and freedom of employees in the organization. The results of statistical analysis showed that direct effect of organizational self-esteem on organizational health of employees is 0.58, which is positive and significant at 0.001. According to this finding, the second hypothesis of the research is supported and it can be said that there is a positive relationship between organizational self-esteem and organizational health of the staff. The results of statistical analysis showed that the direct effect of social capital on organizational self-esteem is 0.37, which is positive and significant at 0.001. According to this finding, the third hypothesis of research is supported and it can be said that there is a positive relationship between social capital and organizational self-esteem of the employees. The results of statistical analysis showed that the indirect effect of social capital on organizational health of employees is mediated by organizational self-esteem of employees 0.21, which is positive and significant at the level of 0.001. According to this finding, the fourth hypothesis of research is supported and it can be said that organizational self-esteem plays a mediator role in the relations between social capital and organizational health. Finally, it can be concluded that the existence of social capital among members of the organization will lead to self-esteem and self-confidence in each individual organization, which will result in an increase on organizational self-esteem. Organizational self-esteem will motivate, advance and challenge the work. The existence of social capital in the organization also leads to organizational health. Extensive communication, the existence of cultural commonalities, as well as mutual trust and cooperation, is considered an important factor for the health of the organization. as a result of these discussions, the organization continues to grow in a changing environment.

Introduction: This study presents research-based evidence to examine the patterns and determinants associated with gender preference in Iran from demographic and socio-cultural perspectives. The importance of such studies lies in the fact that despite substantial progress in contemporary societies leading to a more important social revolution so-called ‘revolution in gender roles’, gender preference still exists in human societies. In his book titled A General Theory of Gender Stratification, Blumberg (1984) has simply and clearly documented this issue: ' remember the Golden Rule: He who has the gold makes the rules'. In fact, the large body of literature reviewed in this article also indicates that gender preference has substantially persisted as a social problem throughout human societies.Materials & Methods: This analysis is based on a survey conducted in rural and urban areas of Ahvaz, Babolsar, Bojnord, Esfarayen, Gonbad Kavos, Khoramabad, Mahmoudabad, and Hamadan. The survey includes 3667 males and females aged 15 years old and over. The research data has been collected using questionnaire. Then, SPSS has been employed in order to analyze the research data. The key dependent variable of the present analysis is gender preference, which has been defined and classified in four categories: 'son preference', 'daughter preference', 'no preference, neither for son nor for daughter', 'preference for equal number of sons and daughters'. Further, this analysis includes three main groups of dependent variables: First, basic variables such as age, sex, place of residence, education. Second, variables related to gender attitudes measured by attitudes towards women's employment and male-bread-winner model. Third, demographic variables such as the number of children, gender composition of children, and the ideal number of children.Discussion of Results & Conclusion: Generally speaking, the results of this study illustrate that only one-third of the respondents reject gender preference, whereas the remaining majority hold positive attitudes toward gender preference. However, these general patterns are significantly associated with three major categories of determinants. The first category refers to basic variables such as age, sex and education: ' son preference' is stronger among men than women as it is stronger among people living in rural areas than those living in urban areas. Moreover, education level has significant effect on gender preference: the lower the education level, the stronger the tendency towards gender preference. More specifically, among illiterates, the tendency towards ' son preference' is three times greater than that towards ' daughter preference'. However, gender preference becomes increasingly weaker as level of education goes up so that highly-educated people hold the lowest level of gender preference. The second category refers to variables related to gender roles attitudes. According to the results of this analysis, the pattern of ' son preference' is significantly affected by traditional and conservative attitudes towards gender roles: the stronger the latter, the more visible the former. Controversy, those holding modern and liberal attitudes towards gender roles are substantially less in favour of gender preference. The third category refers to demographic determinants. For instance, gender preference particularly ' son preference' tends to be more common among people with a larger number of children. Furthermore, the gender composition of the existing children has a significant impact on gender preference, suggesting that the pattern of son preference becomes significantly weaker among people who already have an equal number of male and female children. In sum, the underlying conclusion of this analysis refers to the fact that the patterns of gender preference are substantially associated with modernism so that gender preference in general and son preference specifically tend to be significantly less evident among people with more liberal and modern attitudes. In contrary, those holding stronger traditional attitudes are more likely to have gender preference particularly son preference. This underlying conclusion can be observed and explained through such basic determinants as age or education, and more visibly through attitudes towards gender roles measured by women's employment and male-bread-winner model: those with more liberal and modern attitudes towards gender roles hold a weaker tendency towards gender preference, whereas such a tendency is significantly stronger amongst those with more traditional and conservative attitudes towards gender roles.

Introduction: Identity as one of the most important components in human and social sciences has gained experts’ attention in recent decades. Identity is a trait that every person chooses. In other words, it is an answer to the question "Who am I? " This is a question that in fact brings struggle to the person. In other words, this “Who”, in contrast to what seems at first glance, is complex and multi-layered. My "Who" may relate to race, ethnicity, gender, religion, age, social class, economic status, Job, membership in Organizations, etc. Identity can be attributed to a combination of these factors with different levels. Hence, what combinations, what hierarchy of layers and in what period can we talk about identity? It depends on many factors, including social possibilities. Social identity has many dimensions that can be placed in a spectrum consists of national, ethical, religious and global identities. One of the factors which has a strong role on shaping people’s identity is cyber space, especially mobile messengers (Telegram, Line, Instagram, and Whats App, etc.). These are apps that allow users to get involved in common activities. Emergence of this technology has brought vast changes in communication among people, and in forming social identities. These technologies provide an opportunity for people to generalize their thoughts and tendencies to real world through these media, so creating a new situation for dialogue and interaction. The purpose of the present paper is to explain students’ social identity indices based on using mobile messenger.Material & Methods: The research method is descriptive-correlative and study population includes all undergraduate students of University of Isfahan in academic year 2016-2017, of whom 338 students were chosen randomly as study sample based on categorized Cochran (1991) formula. To collect data a researcher-made questionnaire was designed. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated at 0.81, while national, ethnic, religious and global identity coefficients were calculated at 0.89, 0.83, 0.76, and 0.87, respectively. Face validity and content validity were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, average, relative frequency and standard deviation), and inferential statistics (t-test, Pearson test and regression analysis).Discussion of Results & Conclusions: Descriptive results showed that 65.8 Percent of undergraduate students used whats App and Telegram, 8.8 Percent use Viber and Line, 19.7 Percent use Instagram, and 6.5 Percent use no messenger app. Out of study sample, 7.7 Percent believe these applications are very important in their daily life, 4.7 Percent would say important, 64.8 Percent to some extent, 13.0 Percent less important and 7.1 percent responded very unimportant. Also, 53.9% of students are 1 – 3 times online, 6.17% of students 4 – 6 times, 8.21% of students 7 – 12 times and 7.6% students are more than 12 times are online daily.38.0% of students have a mobile messenger app for less than one year, 42.6% students for 1 – 2 years, 10.2% for 2 - 3 years and 9.2 % of students have had it for more than 3 years. Also, mobile messenger apps have a negative relationship with national, ethnic, global and religious identities, while students’ attitude towards mobile messenger app can predict and explain 0.6, 0.1, 1.5, 1.7 and 2.2 percent of national, ethnic, religious, global and social identities, respectively. Also, attitude towards these program have negative role on social identity. Therefore, in societies where communications are based on printing media, television and telephone, attitudes can be shaped as beneficial and self-sufficient, but in societies where electronic media are prevalent, attitudes are unstable, scattered and multi-layered. Unfortunately, weak social skills in establishing relations within families and educational institutions, social strains in dialogues, speculation, inner cycle, and luxury life absorb students’ minds and attention to mobile messenger apps. In such a situation, feeling of security declines and student may show risky psychological behaviors.

Introduction: Gender, as a research area in sociology of sport, is of particular importance.Since women constitute half of the human resources playing an effective role the development of any society. Therefore, in cultural, social and economic development programs, attempts should be made to pave the way for the better utilization of their capabilities and talents to provide the ground for their presence in different social domains and their effective participation in cultural development. One of main areas associated with cultural development in every society is women’s sport participation. On the other hand, through changes in cultural models and lifestyles and their effects on women’s body management, and considering body as a partial reflection of today`s world and its close relationship with life, woman`s identity, the degree of their participation, the study women’s body management as an index of lifestyle has gained momentum. Against this background, the present study aims to test a model in which women’s sport participation is the dependent variable, and the body image (body surveillance, body shame) and body management (tendency toward physical fitness, use of cosmetics and attitude toward cosmetic surgery) have been considered as dependent variables.Material & Methods: The current is study is a survey in which uses questionnaire as a data collection method. Women at 19 years of age and above in Ilam province constitute the statistical population of this research (N=193952). To determine the sample size, using Cockran’s sample size formula, 500 women were selected through cluster random sampling and the required data were collected. This research is of adequate theoretical validity and the reliability of the questionnaire was checked using Cronbach’s Alpha. Reliability indices for the components of the questionnaire include variable body management (Tendency towards Physical Fitness:.75, Use of Cosmetics:.80, and Cosmetic Surgeries: .91), and body image (Body Surveillance:.83 and Body Shame:.90) all of which fall above the acceptable level of.70. Of course, sport participation has been examined as an observed variable, and since in studies conducted by Berger and Relley (2008), Sliter and Tigman (2011) Ris and Saib (2010) Pififer et al. (2006), Pastor et a.l (2003), Mor and Chadley (2005), Linstorm (2001) and Jones and More (2012), the questionnaire has been used with slight modifications as a standard and internationally recognized and reliable questionnaire. The collected data were coded and analyzed using SPSS 23 and Amos 21 and Pearsonproduct-moment correlation and univariate regression were run to test the hypotheses. Additionally, to test the joint effect of independent variables on the dependent variables and testing the fitness of the model, structural equation modeling (SEM) was run through Amos.Discussion of Results & Conclusions: From the 500 respondents, based on the place of the sport activity, 175 did sport at home, 95 in parks, 160 in the nature and just 96 in sport clubs. The women in Ilam province participate in sport activities as follows: hiking: 310; stretching execises: 123;, climbing: 95; physical fitness (aerobics, fitness and …): 62 volleyball: 32; badminton: 19;, treadmill execises: 17, Futsal: 12 and yoga: 10. The findings show that women participate more in collective and low-cost exercises. Additionally, the findings show three-quarters (74%) of women in Ilam exercise between 10 to 699 minutes on average. At the same time, only 8.33 percent of them exercise professionally and regularly and most of them (2.4 percent) have irregular exercises between 10 to 120 min for pleasure or for health. The average participation of Ilam women in urban areas (138 minutes) is significantly more than rural areas (97 minutes). In addition to more sport participation, women in urban areas, in comparison to rural areas, exercise more professionally and regularly and the number of organized athletes in cities is more than that in rural areas. Of course collective exercise is more popular among rural women. The findings of the analysis and research model showed that body image has a greater effect on women`s participation directly (b=.34) and indirectly (b=.33) and in total with. a 67 effect size had the greatest effect on sport participation. The tendency toward physical fitness,, out of body management dimensions, has a moderate positive effect (.45) on women`s participation, whereas tendency toward cosmetic surgeries has a reverse weak effect (-.12) on women`s participation.Tendency towards using cosmetics did not have an effect of women’s participation. In addition, R2, the squared multiple correlation coefficient was reported to be.56 which indicate that the two variables of body image and body management and their components explain up to 56% percent of variance in women’ sport participation. The finding of this research provide a partially different model, meanwhile confirming the theoretical perspectives and research background regarding the effect of body image and body management on sport participation, because in the analytical model of the research, in addition to direct influence on sport participation, body image influences sport participation via body management. But in Ilam province, because of difference in cultural values towards Western societies, women, from among different alternatives stemming from their self-image (body image), focus on special dimensions of body management (including physical fitness and use of cosmetics), based on accepted and expected norms while cosmetic surgery is advanced as the third dimension of body management comes in contrast to sport participation. That is, as the result of body shame, women choose between cosmetic surgery and sport participation and here the accepted alternative of the majority of people in the society is sport participation.

Introduction: Today, the reasons for more consumption than the basic needs are differentiation, self-glorification, variety, and etc. The culture of keeping up with the Joneses in consumption is developed in Iran. The complexity of Iranian society cannot be expressed in terms of consumption, fashion, or even distinction concept. The complex culture of Iran has very complicated layers that cannot be explained theoretically by conventional theories like the concept of consumption. Therefore, we should try to make this concept visible in the context of Iranian society. For this reason, we should refer to the context of the community and discover the processes that lead to the formation of such a concept (Keep up with the Joneses) and action (competitive interaction). Therefore, this study tended to investigate the formation dynamics of the keep up with the Joneses process in the purchase and consumption of the target sample.Material & Methods: The present study was carried out in the form of qualitative methodology and using the background theory. The sampling was based on theoretical and purposeful sampling. The researcher of this study categorized the areas in which the possibility of keeping up with the Joneses existed in accordance with the results of the preliminary interviews. Also, based on the preliminary interviews of the samples which were selected from different classes of society, the researcher concluded that the samples of the lower classes of the society did not provide much information. Because women of these classes did not have a special wealth to do the keep up with the Joneses behavior in consumption. Therefore, the researcher selected his samples from the women of middle and middle upward classes of Mashhad, who due to having a special wealth, were most attracted to purchasing, consumption and showing off behaviors. In this regard, the information of this study was collected using in-depth and semi-deep interviews. It's worth mentioning that the sampling process has continued to reach the theoretical saturation. In this way, data collection and data analysis were done simultaneously. In this study, open source, axial and selective coding were used in data analysis.Discussion of Results & Conclusions: Research findings consisted of 31 main categories and a core category named regret of consumption. Accordingly, the conceptual tables, paradigm model and theoretical scheme of the research were presented. The interpretation of the results generally showed high "competitive consumption" of the target community and low purchasing power, which resulted in the "regret of consumption". The satisfaction process of regret of consumption is an ineffective and imperfect process, therefore the dynamics of competitive consumption and keep up with the Joneses consumption becomes circularly and synergy more active and more powerful. Also, the results indicate that accompaniment in shopping (joining others with no intention to buy), accompaniment in window-shopping (watching new goods), and authority in buying that makes a person more socially admired, are among the important factors that lead to occurrence of competitive consumption phenomenon, in other words, women tend to buy and consume more. Also, the psychological benefits of shopping for women are also known as important factors for the competitive consumption and increased tendency of consumption for women. The psychological benefit increases the self-esteem and enjoyment of shopping for women. In addition, the results show that the participants are influenced by others and due to their attention to others idea, they are more intended for show off consumption and keep up with the Joneses consumption. This type of consumption that occurs as a result of others effect is discussed in the present study with the title of "Hegemonic Cultural Consumption", which appears in form of self-glorification and enjoying the distinction between themselves and others, answering others' showing off behaviors, keep up with the Joneses purchase and parties, as well as replacements of old-fashioned home appliances.

Introduction: Human resources in firms are one of the factors to gain competitive advantage. Hence, successful firms use these advantages effectively which are the valuable capital of firm and elevate their firm through enhancement of their capability and motivation. Although employees are expected to participate in development of the firm via their knowledge, ideas, opinions and suggestions, they sometimes prefer to become silent. Therefore, firms have to provide conditions for their employees to move towards the purposes and plans of the firm with peace of mind and safety. Today, firms need employees who break organizational silence and propose their opinions about the problems. In firms where there is no silence, employees and managers have high motivation, performance and efficiency. Similarly, simultaneous with more diversification of organizational environments, the environment and communicative processes will become more complex and interactive. So, employees are a valuable source of feedback for identification of the problems at the work environment and solving them. The research show that when managers ask the employees to express their opinions, if employees believe that their opinions and suggestions for change may disturb the current balance in the firm or worries the managers, they often feel unsafety in expressing their ideas and opinions. This sense of unsafety is led to unconscious or conscious decision of an employee to become silent (Deniz et al., 2013). Employees' silence is highly harmful for firms and it often increases dissatisfaction levels among the employees. This is shown in the form of absenteeism and turnover and perhaps other undesirable behaviors. In addition, if employees are silent, relations will be damaged; thus, total performance of the firm will be damaged. Other consequences may be lack of innovation, low spirit, defective services, etc. (Cinar et al., 2013). How to break silence and create a free space which encourages the employees to speak are major challenges for managers (Beheshtifar et al., 2012). Isfahan Municipality is one of the most important service firms that requires employees who can express their opinions simply. On the other hand, employees' silence has been one of the main concerns of managers at Isfahan Municipality in recent years. It is essential for this organization to propose explanatory factors of silence and its consequences in the framework of a model through a deep study and considers it as the management basis of this phenomenon. Despite the fact that employees' silence has become common in firms but it is a concept that has not been recognized well and a few scientific studies has been carried about it. Besides, its nonobvious presence, meaning and effect on performance of groups and firms have not been recognized completely. Likely, Morrison and Milliken (2000) indicate given that silence has become a powerful force in firms but it has not been explored seriously (Zarei Matin et al., 2011). Therefore, familiarity with this phenomenon and identifying the grounds and reasons of its occurrence as well as the resulting consequences is necessary in order to prevent or confront it. Considering the importance of this issue, the main problem in this study is to design a model for antecedents and consequences of organizational silence at Isfahan Municipality.Methodology: This study is applicable-developmental from objective aspect, descriptive-correlational from methodological aspect and uses an admixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical population in the qualitative study included 2013 employees of Isfahan Municipality. The statistical population in the quantitative study (fuzzy Delphi) was consisted of 138 organizational experts including the selected managers at Isfahan Municipality and academic experts in the field of organizational behavior and human resources. Sixteen employees were being interviewed in the qualitative section by means of purposive sampling. The quantitative study was implemented through judgmental sampling and eighteen organizational and academic experts participated in this section. Qualitative data was collected via semi-structured interview and it was continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Tool of data collection in Delphi stage is questionnaire. Maxwell's theoretical and descriptive valuation as well as Newman's valuation method were employed to confirm reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Reliability of qualitative data is equal to 84.37 for antecedents of organizational silence and 76.19 for consequences of organizational silence. Given that the values are greater than 60 percent, reliability of codings is confirmed.Discussion, conclusion and suggestions: In this study, antecedents and consequences of organizational silence were identified and a model was designed based on the identified factors. The primary proposed model was on the basis of Morrison and Milliken's organizational silence theory (2000) and employee silence by Pinder and Harlos (2001). The results revealed that individual, managerial, organizational and group factors are effective on organizational silence or antecedents of organizational silence. It is noteworthy that a lot of variables in the framework of individual and organizational consequences of organizational silence were identified and explored in this study. The obtained results show that managers have to enhance their understanding of organizational silence and identify and decrease silence in firms to increase organizational efficiency. To this end, some suggestions are presented below. It is suggested to the firms to value constructive opinions of employees and propose the required policies to encourage and support their views. For this purpose, it is suggested to reward innovative opinions of employees and create a suggestions system in order to destroy silence. In the same vein, a positive and negative feedback system shall be established which will decrease fear and horror of criticism via providing job security for employees. Also, managers should provide circumstances under which employees can challenge their decisions. It is suggested to firms to create a safe environment for employees. The possibility to receive negative feedback and suggestions for change by employees should also be provided. In this way, they can deal with the problems and mistakes timely.

Introduction: In recent years, researchers in social fields have paid a lot of attention to body analysis and have stated it as an aesthetic object. With increase in people’s awareness of beauty standards, the tendency to become closer to these standards has been increased. Interest in beauty is originated from our human nature. It is emphasized on beauty and physical attraction as a good feature because today we are in face to face interaction in our daily life. In Contemporary society, the social-cultural norms convey this message that the social acceptance and value is based on physical beauty. The feature of being beauty promote the idea that women are not complete without cosmetics. Women like to think that their natural face and body are not lovely and the cosmetics will complete them. Based on the announced statistics, Iran is one of the countries in which the most rhinoplasty cosmetic surgeries are done among the world. This was told by rhinology (nose surgens) researches of Iran and they also added that this surgery is seven times more than America. Guilan is the fifth province after Tehran, Isfahan, Fars and east Azerbayjan that contains more cosmetic surgery and the nose surgery is the most kind of that. If not considering the effects of this surgeries, we can say that many of these people became depressed because of not meeting the things they wanted and so they suffered from physical and mental problems until the years after doing surgery. The instruments such as management, paying attention to inner and outer physical form of the body for young people especially for girls, makes them keeping a clear image of personal identity and showing it to others. So the culture of the body conveys the increasing emphasis on the idea that body works as a center for human to rethink about himself. The body is a focus point to cultural and social recreation and presents power relationships and its effect on social differences and inequalities. Then, special attention and study should be done about cosmetic surgery as a social subject and the reasons of its effect including cultural capital have to be studied. The present study was done with the purpose of comparing the cultural capital factors between women with and without cosmetic surgery...