LITERARY ARTS
Year:2012 | Volume:4 | Issue:1 (6)|Papers Count:8

The Shahnameh, the precious and eternal epic poem of Ferdosi, in the ocean of Persian literature is a deep and immense sea. It is full of shining pearls of Iranian culture, that studying of them could be used by researchers of Persian language and literature for various dimensions of literary, historical, social, mythical, religious, and linguistics, etc. This subject allocates for little part of linguistic characteristics i.e. present perfect tense and its kinds. Initially the history of research was considered briefly then; the patterns of structure of this verb were studying in the language of ancient Persian, middle Persian and Dari Persian. We eventually, according to samples from the Shahnameh, scattered notions of researchers and their adding up, describe a certain kind of present perfect tense which, its history of structure and application in addition to Soghdi, Khwarizmi and Pahlavi languages, could be recognized at some today Iranian dialects.

Being familiar with research methodology causes an increase in the effectiveness and efficiency in research. One of the most valuable subjects in research methodology is to discuss about principles and skill of "Problem-oriented" researches that seems to be less known in literary studies.Propagation of problem-oriented researches in the field of Persian language and literature needs serious considerations to its principles and regulations, changing the viewpoint of literary researches, reconsideration in the curriculum of higher education centers, and finally revision in methods and procedure of doing a research plan in this field.Emphasing the necessity of the further consideration of problem-oriented in literary studies, in this article the characteristics and features of this type of research are discussed. Also the methods and skills of problem-finding in the field of literature are described and types of literary problem are introduced. Moreover the different steps that must be followed by a researcher in order to solve the literary problems are stated.

In this paper the researchers study the Causality sense as the one of the most important meanings between Arabic and Persian prepositions according to the grammar of Arabic and Persian languages and studies of the grammarians and lexicographers of two languages. As the consequence investigate the Arabic and Persian prepositions that are used in this sense by applying the method of comparative and analyzing. The most important result of this research is that the Arabic and Persian prepositions in expressing a special meaning do not always have a one to one relationship. In a way that sometimes one preposition in one language is used instead of two or more prepositions in another language or even instead of the other grammatical elements. The importance of this issue is when one is translating from one language to another. In addition, it is advantageous for the researchers and linguists and especially students.

The ironic expression "az bone dandan" (from the root) has been written to mean "wholeheartedly and desirous "in all Persian dictionaries including general and specific ones like those of idioms and expressions or the ones devoted to a particular poet’s or works terminology. In fact they have just pointed to one aspect of its meaning. Since this meaning was not in accordance whit the semantic structure of some of the lines of poetry, this study analyzed a number of cases from old poetry and prose texts. The outcome shows that the aforementioned expression should be regarded as one of the "Opposites" in Persian, because in the collected cases one can see that the expression means exactly something contradictory which has been ignored by lexicographers. In the opposite case the expression means: "obliged or forced to do something". This expression is an adverbial and a prepositional phrase.

Pen-name (Takhalloss) is one of the main features of Persian poetry. It has been a matter of concern among many of Persian language geography poets in the orient at least up to the Mashrouteh era. Pen-name has been promoted among the other Muslim nations through Persian poetry. Although it is not as famous in the Arab nations as in the Persian speaking nations, it is known as “Alqab-o-shoara” among the Arab nations and, through this way, it has affected the poetical wealth of the Arabic poets.The Present paper, using description-analytic approach, compares the pen-names of Persian and Arabic poets under the title of “pen-names” and investigates their features in both cultures. The main research question is: What are the similarities and differences of poetic-names, in Persian and Arabic poets in terms of the type of name, position and importance? The results showed that Pseudonym by its amazing expansion in Persian poetry has also influenced Arabic poetry. In addition to the factors affecting in the choice of pen-names (like pseudonym, pen-name, nickname...), sometimes such external factors as events, commends, community benefactors and climate, as well as internal factors including the poets’ inner beliefs are associated too.

This paper is restricted to only one category of grammatical aspect in Persian i.e. progressiveness. It will be demonstrated that this aspectual notion is expressed in different ways including inflectional morpheme, auxiliary verb and lexical means. Some linguists ignored the different aspectual meanings of the prefix mi- and regarded it as the exclusive marker of progressiveness .One source of controversy is the polysomic nature of the prefix mi- expressing divers aspectual notions. Indeed,  this imperfective marker in Modern Persian no longer expresses progressive aspect in the present tense. Another way to express progressiveness is the use of the verb dâštan(to have) that is used with the main verb as an auxiliary or helping verb in both present and past tenses. In sum, this paper shows that progressiveness is different from habitually and iteratively. Also, it demonstrates that the notion of progressiveness is expressed by different forms. However, it should be noted that not all Persian verbs have a progressive aspect. For example states and achievements are two main exceptions in this regard.

Savushum is a historical, artistic, epic, mysterious, realistic novel with Streaks of romanticism. Its mysterious aspect has given the work a profound historical- cultural and philosophical aspect. On the surface or narrative layer, it counts the 28 Mordad 1332 (19/5/1953) coup detat and the defeat of Jebhe-ve Melli (national front) as one of the significant events in the history of Iran and devotion of some political figures as well as the treachery of some others involved in the events. It also recounts the reaction of some of the intellectuals to that event. The author has given a code function to same of the characters, animals, things, and concepts to develop the deeper layer of the novel. To recognize the cods, the author has created some signs in various ways. In the present work an attempt is made to investigate the quality, quality, methods, types and examples of coding by the author of the novel in order to decode some of the codes. To achieve this goal, same of the guidelines by the author as well as the existing evidence in the novel and similarity of the events with the historical events have been taken as the basis of decoding.

Jame-al-Tamsil book written by Mohammad Ali Hableh  Rudy (Live 1054) including the most ancient Persian Proverbs and contains the most pure Persian proverbs  which had great reader and moral story book during four centuries; so more than fifty times is published. This valuable and benefit book with mixing the allegory and poetry with a verse and the Hadith take the story sweet for reader. Author tries to Nurture or change the story to make it sweet and beautiful. In this paper after the introduction of the author and book and his style we will mention his DP Story methods then we say the base of story. Hableh Rudy at this book used 150 stories for proverbs that at this paper we found sources of 107 story and we refer to them and we note their differences.