Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Year:2012 | Volume:6 | Issue:1|Papers Count:16

BACKGROUNDS: Different susceptibility rates of pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobial agents are considered major factors in the choice of drugs and the success of treatments. Concerns have been raised regarding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria that may result in unpredictable antimicrobial susceptibilities and therapy failure.OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of 1, 000 bacterial isolates to five antibacterial agents commonly used in the Iranian poultry industry.METHODS: From July 2008 to June 2009, the antimicrobial susceptibility of 1, 000 bacterial isolates to five antibacterial agents was tested. These agents that are commonly used in the Iranian poultry industry include colistin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, and sulfamethoxazole+ trimethoprime. The data were provided by 19 laboratories in eight Iranian provinces.RESULTS: The bacterial species belonged mainly to Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Of all tested samples, 55.5% were resistant to colistin, 61.5% to doxycycline, 41.5% to enrofloxacin, 34.5% to florfenicol, and 65.5% to sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprime.CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this survey represent the high frequency of resistance to antimicrobial agents commonly used in the Iranian poultry industry. They also highlight the need for the implementation of a national monitoring program for antimicrobial resistance and for a rational use of antimicrobial drugs.

BACKGROUNDS: Subclinical ketosis can cause greater economic loss due to a lack of clinical symptoms.OBJECTIVES: The present study was aimed to design a chemical method for measuring serum ketone bodies in the affected subclinical cows.METHODS: Acetoacetate concentrations were measured using a nitroprusside reaction and b-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) which was oxidized to acetoacetate using nanosilver particles to determine its concentration. Recovery tests were done for different concentrations of betahydroxy butyrate in bovine pooled serum.RESULTS: Actoacetate levels were in range of 0.1-6 mM, and the values for BHBA were found to be in the range of 0.125-3 mM.CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that this technique can be considered as a simple method for measuring ketone bodies in biological fluids.

BACKGROUNDS: Optimization of microbial compositions and load in live food during the process of bioencapsulation is one of the most important concerns in aquaculture, as it can promote the growth and feeding parameters of fish larvae.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the growth and feeding performance of Persian sturgeon larvae fed with bio encapsulated D. magnawith Saccharomyces cerevisiae.METHODS: D. magna were bio encapsulated with S. cerevisiae at three concentrations of 5, 5.30 and 5.48 Log CFU ml-1 for 10 hours. P. sturgeon larvae were fed using enriched D. magna at 30 percent of their body weight, six times a day. Controlled treatment was fed on unbioencapsulated D.magna.RESULTS: The results indicated that the S. cerevisiae promoted the growth and feeding parameters in P. sturgeon larvae.The final body weight and specific growth rate (SGR) in experimental treatments had significant difference in comparison with control treatment (p<0.05). Food conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased significantly in treatment group compared to control one (p<0.05). The maximum of lipid productive value (LPV) and protein productive value (PPV) were obtained in the larvae fed on bioencapsulated D. magna at 5.30 Log CFU ml-1).CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that S. cerevisiae had high efficiency in promotion of feeding parameters and growth performance of P.sturgeon larvae.

BACK GROUND: Bluetongue virus (BTV) is recognized to infect ruminants all around the world, and its prevalence mainly depends on the BTV situation, vectors distribution, weather patterns and susceptibility of the host.OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to draw a correlation between the prevalence of BTV antibodies and climate changes in Iranian Azerbaijan Province.METHODS: Sera samples were collected from sheep, in a period of a year between 2008- 2009. The seroprevalance of Bluetongue antibodies were evaluated using an Enzyme-linked ImmunosorbentAssay, considering monthly weather changes in the Province, recorded by the Iran Meteorological Organization.RESULTS: The infection rate was found to be 55.9% and there was a peak BTV prevalence of at 81% (p<0.001). The Pearson correlation coefficient ranges were found to be between 0.36 and 0.005.CONCLUSIONS: The vector distribution is based on climatic changes and environmental conditions. It was concluded that the phenotypic expression of the BTV gene may be influenced by the weather.

BACKGROUNDS: There are some evidences that cholesterol can affect fish reproductive system.OBJECTIVES: In this study the effect of high diet cholesterol on fish sex hormones and gonads weight was investigated.METHODS: A randomized experiment was conducted on 90 immature common carp. The fishes were divided into three groups with three replicates each (control, 0.5% cholesterol diet, and 1% cholesterol diet). After one-month feeding, progesterone, estrogen and testosterone were measured.RESULTS: The level of progesterone in control group, 0.5% cholesterol and 1% cholesterol diet were 1.83±0.42, 2.45±0.38 and 2.62±0.52 ng/ml, respectively. Also the level of estrogen in control group, 0.5 % and 1% cholesterol diet were 3670.34±186.26, 3791.20±98.48, and 3836.78±81.74 pg/ml, respectively., while those of testosterone levels were 1.75±0.319, 2.09±0.425, and 2.25±0.321 ng/ml, respectively. The highest and the lowest body weight and gonad weight were observed in fish fed %1 cholesterol and the control, respectively. The results showed positive effects of cholesterol on sexual hormones, the 0.5 % cholesterol diet and the 1% cholesterol diet did not show any significant difference in the sexual hormones levels.CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that the effect of cholesterol on the these sex hormones, gonad weight, body length and body weight was significant (p<0.01). We can conclude that diets of 0.5% cholesterol can be used to increase the amount of sexual hormones in common carp.

BACKGROUNDS: Seminoma is frequently observed in human and canine testes especially in cryptorchids. Canine and human seminomas are typically associated with leukocytic infiltration.OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify the type of lymphocytes that infiltrate to seminomas.METHODS: Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were evaluated by immunohistological techniques in 5 dogs with diffuse seminoma. Routine pathological examination of these specimens showed diffuse seminoma with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in all cases.RESULTS: Lymphocytes in seminomas were predominantly T cytotoxic (CD3+, CD8+) cells. These cells were distributed diffusely, but patchy around the vessels. B-cells were also identified as some rare single cells diffusely scattered in the tumoral parenchyma.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that the lymphocyte infiltrating cells are mainly T lymphocytes particularly CD8 cytotoxic type.

BACKGROUNDS: Uterine infection is a amajor problem in reproductive management.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to find out the common pathological condition of cattle and buffaloes' uteri in the Ahwaz region and, also to compare uterilesions.METHODS: One hundred and thirty eight cattle and 101 buffalo uteri were examined for macroscopic lesions, opening them through the cervix to the apex of the animals' horns. The prepared tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin, eosin, and Giemsa staining. Standard bacteriorogical works, were used for the isolation and identification of aerobes and anaerobes.RESULTS: Depending on the severity of the lesions, endometritis was scored from mild (level 1) to severe (level 4). Level 1 including 39 cows (19.69%) and 36 buffaloes (28.8%); Level 2 including 37 cows (18.68%) and 28 buffaloes (22.4%); Level 3 including 23 cows (11.61%) and 22 buffaloes (17.6%); and, Level 4 including 17 cows (8.58%) and 5 buffaloes (4%). Other lesions consisted of acute metritis: (cows=4.54%), buffalo=0.8%); chronic metritis (cows= 2.02%) and buffaloes=2.4%; granulomatous metritis cow (0.5%) and buffalo (0.8%); perimetritis (cows (3.3%) and buffaloes (1.6%); pyometra: (cow 0.5%) and buffalo (0.8%); external cysts: (buffalo 0.8%); and, haemangioma: (cow (0.5%) and buffalo (0.8%). No significant correlation was found among the lesions, except for acute metritis, (p=0.475).CONCLUTIONS: Conducting a clinical and paraclinical study on fertile animals in the Ahwaz region is highly recommended to reduce the economic losses due to uterine infection.

BACKGROUNDS: Gyrodactylus is a small monogenean ectoparasite that lives on the skin and fins of most of the world's fish species. Gyrodactylus appears to be one of the most prevalent parasites found in ornamental fish, especially in Cyprinids.Goldfish (Carassius auratus) are a popular ornamental fish that are highly contaminated by Gyrodcatylus.OBJECTIVES: The present study is aimed to identify morphological and molecular characteristics of the Gyrodactylus parasite on gold fish.METHODS: The morphological identification of Gyrodactylus specimens was performed using the measurements and drawings of opisthaptoral hard parts of the parasites. The molecular species description was based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of partial sequence of the 5.8S region of ribosomal RNA, and a partial sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of ribosomal RNA. The nucleotide sequences of the PCR products were compared with corresponding sequencing registered in Gen Bank.RESULTS: Based on the morphometric analysis and sequencing, the Gyrodactylus specimens were described as Gyrodactylus gurleyi.CONCLUSIONS: A combination of molecular techniques with morphological analysis seems to be the best approach for the identification of Gyrodactylus speices.

BACKGROUNDS: Occurrence of resistance against antiparasitic drugs has made it essential for researchers to find new sources for antiparasitic drugs.OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to determine the efficiency of alcoholic extract of worm wood (Artemisia absinthium) on Syphasia parasite.METHODS: Artemisia absinthiumextract was examined on 3 groups of mice at 2.5%, 5% and 10% concentrations. A group of positive control received pyrantel pamoate, while negative control group was treated by a solution containing no extract. Mice were treated orally 28 days after infection by Syphacia eggs. The efficacy of treatment was determined by Syphacia eggs in the feces.RESULTS: In groups that received either 5% or 10% concentrations of A. absinthium extract or pyrantel pamoate, microscopic examinations of the feces demonstrated no Syphacia eggs.CONCLUSIONS: Data obtained from the present study showed that the alcoholic extract of Artemisia absinthiummay lead to a decline in the number of Syphacia eggs in the feces with minimal side effects. The extract of this plant can probably be used as a suitable alternative in the treatment of some parasitic diseases.

Encephalomalacia is softening or loss of brain tissue following cerebral infarction; cerebral ischemia infection, craniocerebral trauma or other injuries. Cholangiocarcinomas are malignant neoplasms of biliary epithelium, which usually arise from the intrahepatic ducts.A budgerigar was presented with a history of ataxia, decreased activity, neck weakness and weight loss. Supportive care was attempted, but the bird did not improve and euthanasia was elected. At necropsy, the liver was pale and large. There were two symmetrical pale areas on the cortical surface of cerebrum. Representative specimens from all tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). In gray matter of cerebral tissue, there were small clear vacuoles of varied size that formed in the cytoplasm of neuron cell bodies.Proliferation of capillaries was seen. The fluid-filled clear spaces were in the white matter especially in peduncles. There were a few thromboses in the vessels and neuronal necrosis of cerebrum.Neoplastic tissue was limited to the liver. There were numerous epithelial lined ducts with an associated dense fibrous stroma.Cholangiocarcinoma and encephalomalacia were confirmed based on the macroscopic and microscopic evidences. It seems that chronic exposure to a mycotoxin and vitamin E deficiency are probable causes of encephalpmalacia and cholangiocarcinoma in this bird.