LITERARY CRITICISM
Year:2017 | Volume:10 | Issue:39 |Papers Count:11

On the occasion of kings and commanders' victory over their opponents and congratulating the victory and success, the poets composed "victory verses". These poems which were in the form of ode can be found in divans and sometimes prose texts from the early times to the present. Although the phrase "verse of victory" has been used in various texts and some poets have mentioned it and there are several clues for distinguishing it from other types of poem, no study has been published about it and there is no trace of this kind of poems and its features and examples in dictionaries, lexicons and encyclopedias. In this paper, numerous examples of these poems, composed by the most famous Persian poets, have been collected and organized chronologically in order to answer the following questions: What are the characteristics of this kind of poem? In which form and structure has it been manifested? What is the content of it? What are its relationships with other kinds of poem like book of victory, encomium and book of war? And finally how different poets did affect and were affected by each other in these poems?

Rereading the history of literary studies to evaluate quality and identify the strengths and weaknesses is one of the Important scientific measures; however, the abundance and distribution of scientific research in a specific subject, makes it difficult for researchers to identify and analyze the previous issues occasionally. As a result of those difficulties, repetitive and similar articles would be written which reduce the development and activeness of scientific fields. Researchers in each fields, can prevent similar and ordinary researches by identifying and critically examining the previous researches based on a coherent and methodical plan; moreover, by understanding the needs and gaps in those areas, they are able to do efficient researches as well. Due to the necessity of such an attitude in the field of Persian literature research, the authors of this paper have decided to introduce and review all scientific articles which are in connection with character and characterization issues. Therefore, by referring to databases storing articles, the number of Persian scientific research articles that had studied the character and characterization in contemporary fiction that contained these two words whether in topic or keywords were found. Afterwards, 73 articles have been found in terms of methodology, objectives and question the number and type of studied samples, used theories, results, references, etc. some data reviewed and analyzed statistically. According to the results, incomplete and ambiguous abstracts, some unfamiliar researchers with the correct structure, essay writing and research methods, uncoordinated research components and some repetitive issues and approaches and resources, are some of those studied articles problem. Paying attention to the new subjects and theories, cooperating with graduates in various majors, choosing the efficient theories and using the other research methods by researchers can help improving the research results and developing this issues as well.

To study the excursion of presence and evolution of chivalrous characters in Persian literature, this article is examined three stories, “Samak e Ayyar”, “Dash Akol” and “Qeidar”, in terms of similarities and differences among characters and characterizations. mentioned stories have been selected because “samak e ayyar” is the first story in which the role of knights (“Ayaran”) is bolder than kings or heroes; “Dash Akol” is the first manly (“Dash Mashti”) character in modern Persian literature and “Qeidar” is the last one. This study indicates that in all three works, the distinction between protagonist and antagonist is clearly distinguished based on chivalry characteristic nevertheless the protagonist in “Samak e Ayyar” and “Dash Akol” is similar to antagonist in terms of facial features and behavioral characteristics while the antagonist of “Qeidar” is different from protagonist in this sense. Furthermore, “Amirkhani” appends the component of belief in Islam to the constitutive elements of chivalry characteristic, however, in spite of facial features, it is fully similar to “Samak e Ayyar” in terms of organizing events toward highlighting typical characteristics of chivalrous character.

The title of each book is the first instrument for acquainting the reader with the content and author of the book. It is clear that there's a mutual relation between historical, social and political events of each era with literary events and it affects directly on poets' mind and language. In this study, we present lots of contemporary poem books, and describe the important literary, historical, social and political events of each era, and find a relation between the poem book titles and dominant events regardless of the book content and show this mutual effect in the structure, content and rhetoric. In general, in terms of structure, titles change from one word and noun group into several sentence and even alphabet letters. In terms of rhetoric, the literal and apathetic titles of the book change into creative, poetic and empathetic titles. As a result, amphibology and abstraction are created. In terms of content, the extremist patriotic and static titles change into social, religious, political and revolutionist idealism. Finally, lots of meaningless words are created.

In the field of Persian contemporary fiction, there are novels with realistic context in which some of the elements are unrealistic. The structural feature of these novels distinguishes them from other types of novels. These features include "double layered meaning", "floating between reality and unreality", "fitting with political and historical situations". These features are so much so these novels could be classified as a subgenre of the Persian fiction. The question of this study is analyzing the common element of "double layering". So, the Pragmatics has been used, because it has been Practical for a better understanding of these novels. Political-historical event effect has been said in creation of this work with analysis of said novels with attention to four characteristics of time, place, sender and reader. As a result, the common element of “multi-layer” in contemporary Persian allegorical novels makes us classify these novels under a sub-genre. This element also makes us distinguish allegorical novels from the other types of novel. This type of novel is also a modern phenomenon which is in conformity with the needs and necessities of modern life that are directly related to political events.

The present paper makes an attempt to evaluate and criticize a colossal Persian prose textbook in Iranian universities which has gone to a sixth edition over the last sixteen years. In about seven hundred pages of Anvā’-e nasr-e Farsi (Persian Prose Types), the author of the book, M. Rastegar Fasa’i, attempts to cover all aspects of Persian prose. In his endeavor, he sometimes enters English prose, a field in which he has little knowledge and as a result he makes mistakes. In terms of documentation, too, the work is poor and it reminds one of students theses that are botched up in a hurry. The present author pinpoints many mistakes and typos in this book and offers suggestions to revise the book for the better and believes that by a good copyediting which is not obviously carried out yet, the work can turn into a useful source for students and scholars.

The purpose of researches published in scientific journals has always been to solve a problem of a specific field of knowledge. Recently an article titled: ” Rhetorical and Stylistic Critique of Hafiz’s Quatrains”, has been published in a journal. The title is really astonishing as many years ago Late Amin Riahi has proved in his book “Golgasht” that the quatrains brought in Hafiz’s Divan do not belong to him. Now it is not clear why Hafiz, who had never been known for writing quatrains, be criticized and then it is decided that he did not have enough skill for writing them. It is the very surprising title that encourages us to continue reading the article. After reading the text, one will find that it is incorrect interpretation of the authors that cause them to find fault with the quatrains, that by chance are not Hafiz’, and to pass a judgment that is against him but at the same time is unfairly favored by the authors. The purpose of this research is to present a fundamental and content assessment of the said article and specifying its shortcomings and weaknesses that are clearly evident in it.

In the twenty-eighth edition of the scientific research chapter of the Shiite studies at Sistan and Baluchestan University, an article titled "The Necessity of Correction of the Amir Khosrow Dehlavi Court" (Autumn 1395: Eighth, Pages 91-106), by Dr. Gholamreza Mustaali Parsa and Hamid Reza Hafezian, has been published. Which is almost the whole of this article in a very fresh and sketchy manner from the author of the article entitled "Review of the Amir Khosrow Dehlavi Court of the Ghazlaty Based on Certain Handwritten Manuscripts" published in the University of Isfahan's Phonographic Journal (Fall 2013: Fifth, pp.69-86), Theft Has been. Given that the editorial method of this article may be helpful for journalists of various publications, such as the editor and the judge, as well as the students' guide to professors. In this article, the method of plagiarism has been criticized.as well as the students' guide to professors. In this article, the method of plagiarism has been criticized.