Journal of Subcontinent Researches
Year:2013 | Volume:5 | Issue:14|Papers Count:8

Political economy is one of the branches of the social sciences which study the manner and the level of the state’s intervention in economy. It also analyzes the relationship between economy and politics according to political, social and economic conditions and particularities of every society.India is one of the countries which, by creating the changes in the domain of his political economy and developments in the area of his internal and external politics, have successfully accomplished a great economic growth and development. It has been able to stand among the higher regional powers and is moving towards becoming a global power.Indeed, the central argument of this paper is to insist over the fact that India, by promoting human development and reinforcement of private sector on the one hand, and changing its “non-alignment” policy and through adopting the strategy of realism in his foreign policy in order to enhance the national interest on the other hand, has succeeded in achieving an economic mutation and becoming a major power in the world.

Mohammad Hossein Naziri Neyshaburi is one of the Iranian poets who have lived the most part of their life in India. He has imitated, in his poems and his style, many of the famous poets as Hafez, Sa’di, and Babafaghani. Anvari is one of the most important poets who were imitated by Neyshaburi. Analyzing and comparing this imitation will reflect the manner and the level of his mere imitation or his creativity.In this study, we analyze one of Anvari’sQasidas(68 couplets) and Neyshaburi’s imitation from it based on Halliday’s Method in systemic-functional linguistics. Also, the phonetic, lexical, and syntactic systems are analyzed to discover the similarities and creativity. The conclusion of the study indicates many similarities in different parts such as: surrounding elements, subjects, objects, transitive structures, and so on which can be considered as the poet’s fondness for Anvari’s poetry.

The Movement of Silk Letters was a religious and political movement started by Mahmoud al-Hassan Deobandi, namely Sheikh al-Hind, against the English elements in the Indian-subcontinent which was soon extended to Afghanistan and Iran. Sheikh al-Hind was affected by fundamentalist thoughts of the leaders of Deoband School of India. Since the letters of the heads of this movement were written on Silk textiles, the aforementioned movement became known as ‘the Movement of Silk Letters”.The movement started its activities in favour of the Germans and against the British interests in the Middle East and India in the course of the World War I. However, finally, some of its letters were discovered by the agents of the British Secret Service in Punjab and its activities were revealed.This study has been done under the historical method based on historical texts and sources, mostly English sources and the written works of the Indian and Pakistani and some Iranian Baluch researchers. The most important result obtained from the present study is that the movement of Silk Letters was influenced by Indian’s great mutiny (1857) which created a great uprising with religious orientations against the English elements in the Indian-subcontinent, extending India’s protests to the other territories and connected the movement with discontents in Iraq and Ottoman empire in order to unite them under the decree of the Ottoman religious scholars.

When surveying divans (collection of poems) of poets as well as poetic biographies, we sometimes face verses and poems attributed to two or more poets. For example, in different texts like Arafatol-asheghin and Majmaol-fosaha, some poems whose attribution to Anvari seems more definite are attributed to Tajeddin.It has been tried in this paper to study the poems which are attributed to Anvari in some texts and to Tajeddin Farsi or Dehlavi_known as Rizeh_ in some other texts and analyze the accuracy of the attribution of each poem to either of the two poets by referring to TazkarehBotkhanehmanuscript. By studying two poems in Botkhaneh recorded as versified byAnvari and available in his divan while recorded as the works of tajeddin as well,and 7 poems recorded as the works of Anvari in Botkhaneh but not available in his divan, some of which are attributed to Tajeddin as well, the poems recorded as the works of them both are surveyed and some newly-found poems of Anvari in Botkhaneh are introduced.

Iran and India’s close-set relations throughoutthe history have provided a background for a lot of interactions between the two nations and have caused lots of emigrations and travels between them. The vast emigration of scientists, artists and literati and other Iranian groups of the Safavid Age to India is of the most important emigrations to this vast land, and there have been many theories suggested about its causes among which we can mention the following: the religious prejudices of the Safavid kings, the Indian Gurkani’s attention towards the Persian language and literature in that time, and finally numerous prizes given by these kings to the poets and artists. A survey on Saeb’s poetry from this point of view shows that the reasons for these emigrations have been different for different individuals. As a matter of fact, the ground provided for foreign travels in the Safavid Age due to the foreign policies of the kings of that age, especially kingAbbas, encouraged many poets to go to India with different motives, and as to Saeb, his motives were religious teachings, benefiting from the spiritual advantages of the travel, dissatisfaction with the social circumstances and moral decadence of The Safavid Age, oddness of the style of his poetry, trying to find eloquent audiences, and finally looking for a territory that tolerated the freedom of thought and mystical tendencies.

The city of Dahane Qolaman inSistan is one of the known archaeological sites in the eastern part of the Achaemenid Empire. The representatives of Zranka satrap (=state) have been carved on the east steps of the great hall of Persepolis bringing cows and long shields as gifts. Moreover, representatives of the other eastern states such as Indians, Arachosia and Gandarians are also carrying their gifts to the imperial court. Nowadays, the eastern states of this Iranian Empire are located outside the current borders of it in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.Achaemenid inscriptions and bas-reliefs clearly indicate the importance of the empire’s eastern states includingHindush, Arachosia and Gandarians. The political importance of this part of the empire is shown through the repetition of their names immediately after the governmental centers in the list of the states, their men being armed in some carvings as well as heavy taxes paid by them.The excavations carried out in Sistan, Pakistan and Afghanistan showed many historical unknown angles of these states and revealed their close cultural relations as well as civil and political interactions which allow us observe a cultural unity among them by looking at their contemporary old artifacts. For this purpose, the archaeological sites of Balambat, Achra and Charsada which have Achaemenid layers were studied archaeologically alongside with Nad Ali (SorkhDaq) in Afghanistan and DahaneQolaman in Sistan. Finally, their potteries were compared typologically from the point of form, technique and technical specifications. The results of this study showed that Sistan had more links to the eastern states of the empire than the internal parts.

The total written heritage of the Persian language cannot necessarily be recorded from within the current geographical borders of Iran; the past various changes have taken parts of this territory apart and have been the cause of the spread of the Persian language and creation of literary works in this language outside the borders of Iran.Gol Mohammad Nateq is one of the famous elocutionists of Pakistani Baluchistan, unfortunately rather unknown to literature lovers. Nateq’s works include his divan (collection of poems) as well as a Mathnavi. His Mathnavi is not available, and “JoharMoazzam”, his brief divan, is his only available work. This divan has been printed twice in India and Pakistan, and includes poems in the form of Qasida, Qeté, Robai (Quatrain), Gazal; in the second edition of the collection, the poet’s letters have been included as well.After introducing the poet and his divan briefly, the writers of the present paper survey the work by using the Content analysis Method of the poems and briefly discuss its style, theme, and content.