JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS RESEARCH
Year:2019 | Volume:10 | Issue:4 (40) |Papers Count:13

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The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of carbon dioxide gas volume on the trade balance of OPEC countries with respect to the income inequality. The data of all OPEC members in a 15-year period was analyzed using the data panel approach. The results of the estimation of the import function showed with the increase in carbon dioxide emissions, the volume of imports to OPEC countries has not diminished. Due to the degree of income inequality in these countries, the increase of carbon dioxide has a significant negative relationship with the increase in import volumes. As the distance between income deciles in these countries increases, the relationship between increased carbon dioxide and volume of imports tends to reverse. The results of the export function estimation were shown the volume of exports of OPEC member countries does not have a significant relationship with carbon dioxide emissions. With regard to income inequality, there was no significant relationship between countries. Therefore, the volume of exports of OPEC member countries is independent of carbon emissions.

In this study we designed a scenario about a one-day tour (with given characteristics) and during some questionnaires requested from respondents to answer ‘ how many people do they guess to participate at the tour in attention to various conditions which prevail on it. ’ The implementation costs were estimated for each tour as 595$. According to this, the minimum participating fee for each people was estimated at about 20$. We suggested the payment fee for participating to the tour as 20, 21, 28, 32, 36, and 40$ per each person. These questionnaires were answered by at least 41 respondents. We took a sum from the number of peoples that the respondents guessed. So by multiplying of each sum in its related payment we could estimate the optimum amount of payment per each person as 24$. Therefore, the amount of income during a year was estimated. The results showed that the procedure can be used by scientists for economic valuation of recreational function in arid and semi-arid ecosystems.

One of the most important Pishin dams dam catchment area in south-eastern Iranian province of Sistan-Baluchistan. This area has very low rainfall and evaporation is very high on the one hand and on the other hand with the increasing demand for urban, agricultural and industrial, faces a severe water stress. According to the reference scenario results in the allocation to the agricultural sector Bahu Kalat, drinking, unauthorized agriculture and the environment to approximately 29, 7, 8 and 30 million cubic meters respectively. In this scenario, only 2 450 hectares of land will be cultivated.

Pricing of agricultural products, considered one of the most important tools for government intervention in agriculture. Government policies effect on pricing of agricultural products in agriculture the motives production and performance. In this study, Positive dynamic equilibrium model was used for estimated annual production for the dynamic supply functions, cropping pattern, Input used, Analysis of Pricing Policy 2007-2015 in the planning horizon. The results showed, Different scenarios show that farmers do not respond the same to different policies, And results showed that input and output price policies, The percentage change in interest farmers the scenario of rising prices agricultural inputs scenarios over rising prices of agricultural products, And percentage change in the total cost scenarios increase in agricultural prices over scenarios is the rising cost of agricultural inputs. Thus, according to the model's ability to accurately estimate the amount of supply per year as well as the effectiveness of different policies, It is recommended that the Medal used in this study to other policies and other areas of test and be examined.

This study investigates the conservation and integrated management of water resources strategies for Neyriz city in Fars province using the hybrid method by combination of FAHP and TOPSIS. The theoretical framework was developed by Library technique. Then, using interviews and a survey of relevant experts and decision makers, required statistics and information about water resources condition of Neyriz were collected. Four major criteria of economic, environmental, social and technical aspects and twelve sub-criteria were considered for the assessing strategies. The results indicated the economic and social criteria with relative weights of 0. 357 and 0. 358 have greatest impact on the assessment process and the environmental and technical criteria with weights of 0. 193 and 0. 091 respectively had lower rank in effectiveness. Among the developed strategies, water-use Change with score of 0. 682 was the first and increasing nutrition and reducing the depletion of underground aquifers with score of 0. 638 was second rank.

Monetary policy is one of the macroeconomic variables that Have impect on agricultural investment. In this study, The monetary shocks have been defermined by Hodryk-Prescott Filter, and then the effect of monetary shocks on agricultural investment has been studied by the use of Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model for the period of 1974 to 2011. According to results GDP, has positive effect and monetary shocks, credit to the agricultural sector and inflation have negative effect on agricultural investment in Long-run. Error correction model shows that in the short run, credit and inflation have had negative effect and monetary shocks and GDP, have had positive effect on agricultural investment. Error correction term indicates that 44% of disequilibrium in agricultural investment in each period is adjusted in the next period. Therefor, as agricultural investment is important in planning. It is proposed that the government support investing in agricultural sector against monetary shocks.

The role of rural area in food security, exports, GDP, employment and income, has led to implementation some programs to strengthen socio-economic infrastructures in order to reduce inequality and improve income distribution in rural areas. Investment in infrastructure is one of the appropriate mechanisms for the sustainable development of rural areas and to promote equitable distribution of income. In this paper, using FAVAR method and quarterly data for the period 1369: q1-1393: q4 for 99 macroeconomic variable, the impact of government expenditure on the Gini coefficient in rural Iran have been investigated. Impulse response functions show that a positive shock of one standard deviation in government expenditure, reduce Gini coefficient and improving income distribution after 3 season. Also variance decomposition results show that after the four season, government expenditure have the most important role in the dynamics of rural Gini coefficient.

Considering the importance of groundwater resources, this study aims to estimate and compare the amount of demand for irrigation water and sustainability of ground water resource, in Bahar-Hamadan plain, under alternative policies and models of exploitation. For this purpose, the water demand function driven from a crop cost function, developed and estimated. The needed data collected from a survey through multi-stage classified sampling method. Results showed that in current condition or government intervention and legal control, the amount of water extracting equals 15855 m3 per hectare. This level of extracting is high and non-sustainable. In contrast, the amount of water extraction for perfect participation by water users in exploitation model, estimated to be equal 9182 m3 per hectare; which could be considered as the best alternative model for decreasing water use and reaching the sustainable allocation of water.

Considering the importance of poverty reduction in sustainable development of a country and increase of social welfare level and on the other hand the importance of it to determine the eligible people for using of welfare services and programs, it is necessary to study in this field. The purpose of this paper is to estimate poverty line in rural areas of Iran from 1997 to 2013. For this purpose, by using costs and income household data from the Statistical Centre of Iran, at first calculation of food matrix, the amount of received energy in different deciles has been measured and then the absolute poverty line for rural areas based on 2300 calories has been estimated. The results revealed that during the 17 years, trend of absolute poverty line in rural areas of Iran has increased, so that, in rural area of Iran in the year 1997 Amount of poverty line was 71766 Rial and in 2013 was 2422220 which means the poverty line has become almost 33. 7 times.

Corn play an important role in agriculture's economic axis of Iran. The other hand, due to the limited resources of the country, technology has played an important role in saving the consumption of agricultural inputs. In this regard, one of the factors increasing the productivity of corn is correct and rational use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Therefore, in this study to investigate the contribution of these factors in the cost function of corn was used from system seemingly unrelated regression in panel data in twelve provinces over period 2000-2012. The results scale bias showed that by increasing the scale of production, the share of cost of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticide inputs increased and the share of potash fertilizer and phosphate inputs decreased. The results of input bias showed that technological change has caused the consumption of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers in a production unit decreased and consumption of potash fertilizer increased. Considering the crisis in water and soil pollution, food need of corn and damage to health of organism, this changing process is appropriate.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of surplus free cash flow on earnings management of food industry companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The study community consisted of all food industry companies listed in Iranian stock exchange during 2009-2014 which were studied using the panel data. Empirical results showed there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between surplus free cash flow to earnings management. Also, the results of leverage, relative cash flow and absolute total-accruals variables showed that these variables had a positive and significant relationship with earnings management variable, while there is a negative and significant statistical relation between firm size variable and earnings Management. Among the variables studied, the relative cash flow was the highest and the absolute total-accruals had the least positive effect on earnings management.