Sport Management Journal
Year:2010 | Volume:- | Issue:3|Papers Count:13

The purpose of this research was to study participative management and resistance to change dimensions as well as to survey their relationship in Physical Education Organization and Physical Education Department of Ministry of Education. For this purpose, 126 experts of Physical Education Organization and 38 experts of Physical Education Department of Ministry of Education were selected. Data were collected by two researcher-made questionnaires: participative management and resistance to change (with reasonable validity; Cronbach's alpha for participative management was a=0.82 and for resistance to change was a=0.70 respectively). The results indicated a significant and reverse relationship between participative management and resistance to change (P=0.01) and between participation in planning and goal setting (P=0.05). A significant and reverse relationship was observed between participation in decision making and problem solving, participation in control and monitoring and participation in implementation to resistance to change (P=0.01) as well. There was a significant difference in participative management between Physical Education Organization and Physical Education Department of Ministry of Education but no significant difference was observed in resistance to change between these two organizations (P=0.05).

The current study aimed to investigate the attitudes of postgraduate students of physical education and sport sciences towards discipline diversity. The statistical sample included all physical education postgraduate students in 1385-86 semesters from five public universities in Tehran. The current study was a descriptive, survey-based study and data were gathered using researcher-made questionnaires (a=0.87). The findings suggested that students, in general, favored such discipline diversity at postgraduate level (average of 4.11 out of 5 in Likert scale). Students of sport injuries and corrective exercises showed a low tendency (average 3.91) while sport management students showed most tendency (average 4.32) towards curriculum specialization in physical education courses. The current results conformed to previous findings. It could be concluded that specialization in the field of physical education and sport sciences at postgraduate level, as expected, resulted in students' higher satisfaction and their learning motives.

The purpose of the study was to compare physical fitness components of school boys and to develop national norms on speed, endurance, agility and muscular power variables by CAFT instrument. 12960 students (age groups 7-18) were randomly selected from north, south, east, west and central parts of the country and were compared based on the research variables and the national norms. ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test at 0.05 level showed that southern and central provinces scored higher in speed and agility; northern, eastern and central provinces in muscular and cardiovascular endurance; eastern, central and northern provinces in muscular power; and southern provinces in cardiovascular endurance. Also, southern and western provinces in almost all the age groups were under the national norm in speed; southern and central provinces in all the age groups in muscular endurance; central provinces (only under 15 years old) in upper body muscular endurance; northern provinces in agility in all the age groups; western provinces in all age groups in muscular power and central provincess (only above 12 years old). These findings provide grounds for sport talent identification and their development and also help an accurate gradation and evaluation in physical education classes at schools throughout the country.

The purpose of this study was to examine various factors influencing spectators' attendance in professional soccer games in Tehran. This research was a descriptive survey. The questionnaire used in this study was developed by Green (1995), Hansen and Gauthier (1989), Kaskey (1999), Schofield (1983) and Zhang et al. (1995) in order to examine factors affecting spectators' attendance in sports played with a ball and it was subsequently modified by the researcher in 4 scopes including economics, game attractiveness, spectator preferences and stadium facilities with 31 questions. After determining the sample, 700 questionnaires were distributed among the spectators of Esteghlal and Piroozi soccer teams via random sampling. Using Cronbach's Alpha, the reliability of questionnaire was estimated as 0.86. In order to analyze the data, one-variable T and F tests were used. The results indicated that the three factors of game attractiveness, spectator preferences and stadium facilities had a positive effect on fans' attendance and the economic factors had no effect on fans' attendance. Among economic factors, reasonable ticket price, among game attractiveness factors, the offensive play of the favorite team, among the spectator preferences, the regularity of the league and among stadium facilities, easy arrival and departure from stadium, parking and comfortable seats had the most effects on spectators' attendance in stadiums.

The purpose of this research was to study the university students’ attitudes towards the performance of sport associations of Tehran state universities. The research was a descriptive, survey and field study and was categorized as an applied research based on its aim as well. The statistical population (using Yaman formula) consisted of 120 members of sport associations and 385 non-members. The research instrument was two researcher-made questionnaires used for members and non-members. To analyze data, descriptive methods including frequency distribution tables and figures and inference tests such as t student and Friedman tests were used. The results showed that the association performance in quadric management domains was at an average level (54%-56.2%) from sport association members’ viewpoints. The lowest percentage (56.88%) related to the non-members’ knowledge about the aims, responsibilities, essentials, and membership and election conditions from the non-members’ viewpoints. There was a significant difference between the members and non-members in the collaboration of the authorities with the sport associations (P<0.01) (a=0.000); the non-members pointed more collaboration out. The research results emphasized a review of regulations and a balance between duties, authority and authorities' supervision and guidance in sports considering the average level of all variables involved in the performance of university sport associations.

The aim of this research was to survey effective factors influencing students' orientation to different sport events in Iran. After the related literature had been reviewed and past researches on these factors had been studied, the initial list of effective factors was prepared. Then, these initial factors were comprehensively reviewed by marketing and sport managers and a questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 380 higher education students of University of Tehran. The results of factor analysis showed that effective factors influencing students' orientation to sport events could be divided into four categories: Sport promotion, sport type and features, sport facilities and situations, and specifications of athletes and teams. Variance analysis results showed that sport type and features and sport facilities and situations have more effects on students' orientation to sport events in Iran

The purpose of this research was to identify sources of management power in Physical Education Organization managers and to determine its relationship to employees' readiness and satisfaction with their supervisors. The method of this research was descriptive correlational. The statistical population consisted of all employees of Physical Education Organization. A random sample of 118 employees was selected. Sussman and Deep sources of power questionnaire, Paul Hersey readiness scale and Minnesota satisfaction scale were used. Their reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha as 0.88, 0.81 and 0.89 respectively. Data were analyzed using K-S, ANOVA, Tukey and LSD test. Findings revealed that employees with higher readiness were more satisfied with coercive power.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between motivation-hygiene factors and job burnout among experts of physical education in Tehran state universities. Data were collected by motivation-hygiene factors questionnaire of Dunt et al. (1996) based on Hertzberg theory and job burnout questionnaire of Hassles and Maslash (1977). These questionnaires were standard and assessed by the pilot study and test-retest, so the validity of all questions was achieved. The collected data were analyzed using Independent t-test, Spearman and Pearson coefficients. The research results showed a significant negative correlation between motivational factor and emotional exhaustion (P£0.01, r=-0.363), but there was no significant relationship between hygienic factor and emotional exhaustion. There was a significant negative correlation between decreased personal accomplishment and motivation factor (P£0.01, r=-0.454) and between decreased personal accomplishment and hygiene factor (P 0.01, r=-0.314). There was no significant relationship between depersonalization and motivation-hygiene factors. Results of this study are useful to develop managers' knowledge and to improve the level of motivation and also to decrease burnout in experts.

This study aimed to explore scientific behavior patterns of postgraduate students of physical education and sport sciences in University of Tehran. For this purpose, the descriptive analytical method was used. Findings indicated that out of 6234 documents cited in 104 master's dissertations, in terms of the publication quality (printed or web-based), the citations of printed sources (96.75%) were higher than web-based sources; In terms of the format, the citations of articles (46.88%) were higher than other formats; In terms of the language, the majority of citations (63.29%) belonged to the English sources; In terms of adjustment to library collections, there were 43.11% citations in library collections; In terms of faculties’ scientific products, there were 3.12% citations of scientific products of scientific members.

Individuals participate in sport events with different motivations. One of the elements that influence physical activity participation is a difference in cultures. So, in order to test this claim, 279 Iranian and 310 Russian students were investigated. They were from Guilan, Mazandaran, Gorgan, and Russian universities who attended the Third Sport Olympiad in Caspian Sea in Summer 2004. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to determine the students’ viewpoints, and a standard questionnaire was used to measure their motivations. Reliability of questionnaires was between 0.79 and 0.86 and data were collected and analyzed by Kruskall-Wallis test. The minimal level of significance was set at P<0.05. The results showed that Iranian and Russian students' viewpoints on the effect of cognitive development and general knowledge of sport activity engagement were very similar. However, regarding the effect of socio-emotional development, Iranian students emphasized social role while the emotional role was emphasized by Russian students. Sport competitions, challenge, and social experience of involvement (Social interactions) were the three reasons of Russian students for their regular exercise. But in Iranian students, health and physical fitness, enjoyment, physical appearance, relaxation and release from tension were important reasons for regular exercise.