JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY SCIENCE
Year:2008 | Volume:1 | Issue:3 (SERIES NO. 3)|Papers Count:9

One of the important river in south Caspian sea is Chamkhale river. The Shalmanroud river joien it and compose a estuary system. The aim of this study was measurement of Physico- Chemical factors and fluxes of nutrients in the estuary. We sampling that factors during a year in five stations from St. 1 (freshwater) to St. 5 (Sea water). Samples taxed from surface and bottom water with hydrobios Rutner. Physical and Chemical factors were, Air and Water temperature, Salinity, pH, Secchi desk transparency and nutrients were Sio2, No3-, No2, Tp, DIN, Po4, NH4+ and Alkalinity. The important factor in estuaries is salinity and kind of mixing water, Chamkhaleh estuary is a Salt wedge estuary that inters seawater is very different in the seasons. Measurement of physical and chemical factors showed water temperature 19 TOC, Surface salinity 3.95 ppt, bottom salinity 8.45 ppt, pH 8.1, Nutrients concentration was seasonally related to river flow with annual means Sio2 2.648±0.76, No3- 0.434±0.11, No2 0.036±0.025, NH4+ 0.27±0.19, DIN 0.74±0.23, Ort-Po4+ 0.067±0.034, TP 0.114±0.05, Alkalinity 37.4±5.1 mgl-1. Concentration of nutrients were in station 1 (accept Alkalinity) and minimum level in station 5.Nutrients concentration decreasing from freshwater to sea water. Seasonal fluxes of nutrients showed that maximum level were in spring (accept Alkalinity).

Lactic acid bacteria are widely distributed in the nature. Lactic acid bacteria produce various compounds such as organic acids, diacetyl, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocin during lactic fermentation. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial proteinaceous compounds that are inhibitory towards sensitive strains. In this study, 28 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from dairy products and were tested for antimicrobial activity. The antagonistic activities were tested by agar spot test. Only 17 strains of lactobacilli were shown to produce a bacteriocin – like substance. For extraction of bacteriocin, a cell free solution was obtained by centrifuging the culture. Zone inhibition of indicator strains including 10 strains of microbial pathogen and 11 strains lactobacillus against supernatant of bacteriocin producing lactobacillus were tested by agar well diffusion assay. The maximum inhibition zone of 20mm diameter was obtained with the extract of strain ch5 on Staphylococcus aureus and the minimum inhibition zone of 1mm was obtained with strain d9 on Enterobacter aerogenese. Maximum activity of bacteriocin was achieved at pH 5.5-6.5 and incubation period of 48h at 25-30°C. The antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin in the supernatant of cell culture was stable by catalase treatment but was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin.

Bream (Abramis brama orientalis) is one Caspian Sea bony fish and Aras Dam Lake. This fish is related to the family Cyprinid. During the recent decades because of a decrease in its population in Iranian Caspian sea coast and following to artificial reproduction of a brood stock of Bream in 1986, its genetic diversity has reached to zero in Iranian Caspian sea coast. It has been decided that by entering Bream form Azerbaijan Republic and Aras Dam Lake an increase in its genetic diversity can occur. For this reason in 2002-2003. 30 Bream pieces was catch from 2 habitats and was surveyed of molecular genetic aspects. For that after DNA extraction by Phenol – Chloroform method from a piece of fish‘s fine, a survey had been done on a piece of Mitochondrion genome by the length of 3500 bp contains of tRNA – leu , tRNA – glu , Cytb , ND 5/6 by PCR – RFLP technique. Between 17 used enzymes four of them DraI, BCLI, HaeIII and BanII showed diversity which totally 6 Haploids was recognized. Caspian sea (Azerbijan Republic coast) Bream samples in compare with Aras Dam lake Bream (0.35%) had the most diversity. Mean while Azerbaijan Republic coast samples had all 6 haploids while Aras Dam Lake had just 2 haploid. Also statistical analysis by Monte Carlo test by 1000 repetition showed a significant difference between Azerbaijan Republic coast samples and Aras Dam lake sample (P<0/0001).

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic diseases in Iran and all other countries in the world. It is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, protozoa from sarcocystidae family. The results of the researches in different provinces of Iran showed 51/8% contamination. Toxoplasmosis has sever effects on pregnant women, immune compromised persons and graft receivers. Due to lack of informations about this disease in Ramsar city, we studied the prevalence of Toxoplasmosis in this northern city of province Mazandaran. In this research our samples were 600 people. These samples were collected accidentally by filling questionnaire from people who referred to the therapeutic, medical diagnostic laboratories and hygienic centers of Ramsar city. At first, the samples were screened by agglutination test procedure to determine positive antibodies against T.gondii. At the second step, positive samples were confirmed by Indirect Immuneflorence procedure (IFA) and disease incidence was determined. Out of 600 people, 190 (31/66%) were positive ³1: 20 antibody of toxoplasma that 183 people (30/5%) had antibody less than 1:400 and 7 people (1/16%) had antibody more than 1:400. By determining of relationship between toxoplasmosis and age, sex, occupation, graduation, place of living, having contact with cat and eating vegetables and salad, shown that this disease has meaningful relationship with occupation (house holding) and having contact with cat but has not meaningful relationship with other mentioned parameters.

This study examined some hematological parameters of Rutilus frisii kutum and their change during spawning migration from the Caspian sea to their rivers estuaries. In this study at the first 105 fish were caught from the sea and 110 fish were cavght from the estuaries by beach seine and throwing wets. All fish were biometery and their blood was taken from peduncie by heparine syrings. Gonads growth stegs were determined by Bisswas method on seven phase. Haematological parameters studied include: erythrocyte counts, haematocrit (Ht), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean cell volum (MCV), and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Normal red blood parameters changed according to maturation stages, sex and sites. Then, we compared them with those coming from fish captured in the sea and rivers estuaries. Discriminant analysis showed that mean of number red cells were 1232500±40400 and white cells were 7281±463 cells in a cubic mililer of blood, lymphocytes 68.11±15.41%, neutrophiles 21.2±5.54 percent, monocytes 7.2±12.3 percent and eosinophils 3.48±103. No unripe neutrophyl was seen in eosinophils in during maturation stages but 1% of it was seen after intered to rivers. The mean of hematocrit was 41.84±7.72 which is a decreasing process with increasing gonad growth phase. The blood indies were, MVC 383.81±92.8 MCH 70.14±32.17, MCHC 12.41±8.23. According to gonad growth phases, increasing the number of red cell, haemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte and haematocrit were decrease but the number of white clles, neutrophyl and eosinophilis were increased in last phases of maturation.

In this study a variety of environmental stresses such as temperature, different concentrations of sugars, sodium chloride, ethanol and heavy metals were studied on Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Following exposure to different stress conditions for 20 minutes, growth patterns were studied on Blood Agar Medium. Also, viability of the bacterium on basal and differential media was studied. Microscopical studies showed significant changes on morphological and biochemical patterns.  P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 survived at temperature of 85°C. Maximum tolerance in acidic and basic pH were in values 3 and 12, respectively.  This bacterium was resistant to ethanol concentration up to 55%. Maximum tolerance for selected heavy metals was 0.7% CoCl2, 0.7% HgCl2 .It was able to survive at sucrose concentration up to 35%.  The increasingly high level of resistance of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa to stressful conditions is the main reason for the high prevalence of this bacterium in hospital settings and it is contribution to nosocomial infections.

The present study has been conducted to determine the effect of different light intensities on Artemia urmiana cysts hatchability. The effect of seven light intensities consisting darkness, 500, 1000,1500, 1700, 2000, 2500 Lux were assessed, each treatment had three replicates. All factors affecting cysts hatching were constant except illumination. 24 hours after incubation the number of nauplii, umbrella stage and unhatched cysts were counted and hatching percentage determined. According to results the hatching percentage was significantly higher than other treatments, and the less hatching was occurred in darkness. Illumination is one of the most important factors in artemia cyst hatching, and the light intensity should be about 2000Lux during Artemia urmiana incubation.

Nosocomial infections causes by multi resistant bacteria are a widespread problem،especially in intensive care units (ICU) in hospitals.  Irregular using of antibiotics exhibits resistance in bacterial species and there is a need to search for alternatives products،including natural plant extracts to combat infection disease. Guilan province is one of the most important and valuable places in number and variety of plants for this purpose. In this study antibacterial activity of Sambucus ebulus extracts against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 1341and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 2785 were studied. Different extracts were obtained form diverse part of plant using solvents such as methanol, ethanol and chloroform.  Antibacterial activities were tested invitro against bacteria by Agar Disk Diffusion method. The results indicated that three extracts of leaf ، flower and fruits of S. ebulus showed inhibition zones against S.aureus ATCC 1341 about 10-12mm، 11-14mm and 11-13mm, respectively. By using K2 examination no significant difference were seen from those of controls (p<0.05). Also, no inhibition zones were observed against P.aeruginosa ATCC 2785.  These results showed that the compounds in this plant have antibacterial activity against S.aureus ATCC 1341.  This may be due to general physiological different in the membrane constitution of gram negative and gram-positive bacteria. P.aeruginosa ATCC 2785 cell membrane is impermeable to most antibacterial compounds and Sambucus ebulus extracts are not useful against this bacterium.