THEOLOGICAL- DOCTRIANAL RESEARCH (THE ISLAMIC SCIENCE QUARTERLY)
Year:2015 | Volume:4 | Issue:16|Papers Count:7

This article has adressed the concepts of determinism and free will, predestination, original sin, grace and their application in Christian theology. Furthermore discussion Augustine's views in determinism and priest Pelagius's opinions who opposed him, have been studied. The researcher has obtained their opinions by translating Augustine's writings against Pelagius and his followers. In following the discussion also reviews Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari's thoughts in determinism and freewill, and theory of acquisition written by him. His opponent's views; the sect Mu'tazilah, is discussed and explained in comparison in the viewpoints of the two factions in the Islamic theology and Augustine's view of determinism and free will. Augustine's doctrine of grace is the way out of the quagmire of determinism in Catholic theology. In the same vein Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari has opened the way with the idea of designing complete determinism and acquisition's theory is protected him from accusation of determinism. His critics, however, believe that these theories are do not protect the both renowned theologians from determinism. In addition to the aforementioned issues common or other distinguishing features of these two thinkers of the Islamic Christian theology have been investigated.

Al-Barzakh is  one of stages of Existential worlds. This World is between Phenomenal World and Afterworld. After death, the human being enter in it with a ideal body (frame) or purgatorial body. This issue can be proven by Quran, Hadith and Theology. As well, theologians have argued  about grave and Purgatory and related subjects such as Question and Answer after death (in grave), the torture in grave, the Purgatorial Life, Purgatorial development, Reward and Punishment in Barzakh, Intercession in purgatory, relationship of people of the Isthmus, duration of stay in the Isthmus and so on.This topic is very wide and the study of philosophical and mystical perspective need to a new opportunity, therefore in this article we merely confine in theological and traditional perpective.

The first phase of studying wisdom is the definition of it, therefore, in field of theology one of the significant issues is understanding and knowing God. On the basis of Mohaghegh Davani’s belief, scientist and philosopher of ninth century, we can know God intuitively and instinctively. We can show reasons for the presence of God. He says that the cause of the presence of creatures is something beyond creatures, and believes that this reason is different from Ibn Sina’s Sediqin reason. His view on specific theology is based on philosophy which is called Motalehin’s Enthusiasm. Therefore, about monotheism the need for enthusiasm are monotheism in necessity of existence and monotheism in existence, and he justifies monotheism in attributes and monotheism in actions. This article will explores the view point of Davani in knowing and how to know God in library way and document analytic and exploratory, and answers to some questions and doubts regarding it.

Through his glorious period of mission, using sense and forethought, the Holy prophet (P.b.u.H.) concluded treaties which have allocated an important portion of the onset of Islamic history to themselves.The prophet emigration from Mecca to Medina which is, because of its importance, the onset of Muslims’ calendar followed two secret and important treaties called “aqabeh” (ghat) which were concluded between the Holy Prophet (P.b.u.H) and the dwellers of Yasreb.Also, the establishment of peace and security among different tribes dwelling in Medina realized after the Holy Prophet’s signing of a symbiotic treaty with them. Even, the success in neutralizing the Jew’s conspiracy and their banishing from Medina and their suppressing was after the prophet’s ultimatum to them as well as the Jew’s ignoring the requirements which they had accepted and signed in the treaty with the prophet. The glorious triumph of Mecca by Muslim troops is a consequence of “beiat-e rezwan” (Rezwan Agreement) and “solh-e hudaybiyeh” (Huaybiyeh Peace).As the prophet’s contribution in a treaty called half-ol fozul (Chivalry treaty), taking place 20 years before his starting his mission, is important, and because he had announced his loyalty to this treaty as a prophet and because of the importance of this treaty for Islamic world I have started this article using the description of this article.

Ibn Ravandi is the most famous theologian of Shia Mu'tazilism in the third century AD. After dissenting of I’tizāl theology, he accept Imamyya theology and criticizing Mu’tazilit theology, he was working on defending and explaining of Imamyya thought. On the other hand, Mu’tazilism were always denying his dissension and making lots of accusations against him that the most famous of them was Ilhad (atheism). This accusation is mainly based on his works that believed-in Mu’tazilism opinions- they are wrote in a atheism way. The main question is whether we can trust the Mu'tazilite’s belief and are his works heretical works? The hypothesis is that this is not impossible that Ibn Ravandi  has created these works for criticizing Mu’tazilism, their belief about ‘adl and Towhid, and this negative facing of them makes a good field of the accusations. This is why the Mu'tazilites, in order to destroy Ibn Ravandi, illustrate the works as heretical works. By examining the reports of each of these works, which were remained in Kalamy, Rijali, and Fihristi texts, it seems that most of these works have written by a philosophical approach that is not commensurable with Mu’tazilism organization thinking. On the other hand, in another set of the works, because Ibn Ravandi has mentioned to opponent opinions next to his ideas, they have found a good pretext for the accusation; they clime that Ibn Ravandi tries to cover his heretical ideas by these opponent opinions.

Foreknowledge of the theological issues that have long attracted the attention of scientists with different approaches, including Islamic philosophers and commented on the analysis focused.This article titled "representation foreknowledge of philosophy at the School of Illumination," going on to explore the philosophical school, founder Sheykh Shahabuddin Al Sohrevrdy-Ashraq-explained his philosophy about foreknowledge of reach.It is clear that the philosophy and epistemology of Sheikh illumination varies according to the oriental principles of illumination, light, intuition is based, according to his own philosophical presuppositions person knows the attainment of knowledge, especially in the realm of Education unseen imparted becomes a matter of not physical So that he may know according to the principles of the unseen kingdom, it may be obvious, that the Shia belief system is of the utmost importance.

In exploring the narratives regarding forbidding thinking about essence of God we can see that the Innocent Ones (peace be upon them) has forbidden Muslims not to think about essence of God to not fall in vain and destruction. We have seen in many Islamic narratives that we should reach him by himself and we have many verses in Quran which approves the same. In another hand, we can get to real monotheism on the basis of religious doctrines and rational by thinking. This mediation is to clarify and explain the facial difference between narratives in forbidding thoughts in essence of God and the narratives which states that we should get to God by himself. The most important question begs to be posed is that, is it possible to think about God’s essence? We are trying to explain this difference by using narrative sources and accounts of scientists.