PERSIAN LITERATURE (BAHARESTAN SOKHAN)
Year:2015 | Volume:12 | Issue:28|Papers Count:12

The greatest development in contemporary literature has been registered in the name and leadership of Nima Yushij as "modern poetry". In this literature, the Iranian man has been placed in the axis and center of facts, and his variable qualities of inherent nature put forward. Of the most dramatic transformations of this change was the appearance of child verses which had not been considered important in traditional literature but for the first time it showed itself in modern poetry. Nima was the first man who composed verses for children in a new mold. His followers continued the same pattern and soon there were poets who did their best and allocated their talents for the children's verses and consequently child literature regained its true position. In this essay, we have a holistic view at the child's verses in modern literature and its stance in modern poetry. We will reveal its structure and theme and the way they formed; what kind of poets have paid attention to it and what their aims were. The results show that regarding the open structure and eliminating of rhyme and rhythm in modern poetry, its mold is suitable to compose child verses. Distinguished contemporary poets have paid attention to child poetry; and beside childish theme, some matters on the socio-politic and instructive ones have also entered it which were appealing even for the adults to benefit from them.

The investigation and analysis of literary works in an era from political perspective is considered one of the surest and logical ways to attain the conditions, events, political approaches of that time. Mohammad Reza Mirzadeh Eshghi (1273-1303 a.h.) is one of the poets of the constitutional period who has demonstrated Iran's political problems with revolutionary enthusiasm and literary bravery; and considered himself responsible for the most events of Iran's history at that time. Investigation of his works from this perspective will have great help in the illumination of political, hidden truth and his stance against the events of that time. The two great and impressive events of 1919 pact (protectorate of Iran) and the coup d'etat of Esfand 1299 had remarkable impact on composing some verses and his political stances.In this essay, Eshghi's political inclination from the two perspectives of combat with foreign colonialism and internal despotism have been studied extensively.

I've scrutinized and investigated Sa'di's sonnets, in lingual levels, in three categories of phonetics, semantic, and syntax. The phonetic level encompasses the general problems relating to pronunciation like the change of consonants and vowels which is specialized in the rule of transformation and deletion which includes the omission of vowel particle, middle and ending consonant and omission of the whole consonant and vowel, and deletion of "ee" as mediator; and topics such as stabilization of moveable vowels and pronouns, and the rule of 'emala' -inclination the symbols of ae and e in pronunciation. The high frequency of a group of phrases and application some Arabic words, creating infinitive with "ee" in Arabic words have placed themselves in the semantics and the syntax level of sonnets has dealt with the inordinary structure and how it relates to the syntax of the language; also I've tried to scrutinize and investigate the tenses of the verbs, and types of the verbs, infinitives and connections of pronouns in various functions in Sa'di's sonnets and their dependents and the way they are used in them.

Parvin E'tesami, Forough Farrokhzad, and Simin Behbahani were the well-known women poets who emerged after the constitutional revolution in Iran. All of them were affected, in a way, by the development originated from the uprising of that period and brought numerous themes in their works. What is noticeable in this essay, is the investigation of individual and social values embedded in their poetry and their comparison with each other to assign their joint and separate aspects.Studying these three poets showed that they had common ideas in the most important social values such as: right seeking, fighting against cruelty, avoidance dissension and hypocrisy and seeking justice. On their discriminative ideas, one can say that Parvin basically dealt with the social values, Forough had inclination to individual values and Simin, in addition to paying attention to individual values, had specific inclination to social approach.

Since the ancient times, Azarbaijan has been the cradle of scientists and literary men. Although 200 years ago it was separated from Iran, it has kept its social and cultural relations with Iran. In these years great scientist and researchers appeared in this territory who are considered as the peaks of mysticism, literature and jurisprudence. These scholars had sever challenges with the tyrant governments of Tsar and Bolsheviks. In these tensions, the Shiite scientists weren't the people of easy-going and tolerance. They illuminated the people's minds by their speeches in mosques and other Islamic places; and took Imam Hossein as a symbol in combat and revolutionized the ordinary people against the Bolshevik regime so as they could not put up with these ideas and responded with cruelty; and in this situation some of them were martyred or exiled to the Siberia to be nullified The writer of this passage has decided to introduce some of these combatant literary men and expound their biography.

The invention of alphabet is definitely one of the most important achievements of man which has been flourished thereafter; and Moslems, in this domain, by the recommendation of The Holy Qur'an, Prophet Mohammad and Imam Ali (p. b. u. H) who was the best calligrapher, had tried to achieve the honor of the transcriber of The Holy Qur'an.Among the Islamic arts, calligraphy is the art which its necessity has been originated from writing of The Qur'an. Before Islam there wasn't any art by the name of calligraphy among Moslems. After the revelation of The Holy Qur'an, Moslems tried to adorn it outwardly as well as its verses; and in this way the art of calligraphy spread among the Islamic societies. The sanctity of the Holy Qur'an caused that this art to gain its ideal stance among the Islamic arts. The advocation of Teimurid rulers, also helped several types of transcriptions to be created by the Moslems.The current research has been carried out by visiting libraries and museums to investigate the impact of Teimurid Rulers in the development of Islamic calligraphy. To attain this, we'll define calligraphy, then we'll deal with the origins of Arabic transcription and later we'll discuss the development of calligraphy in the periods of Teimurid rulers and consequently have an outlook to its advocators and its distinguished artists.

The biographical dictionary of "The Jaddatol Asheghin" is one of the most valuable mystical works left from the 10th century (A. H.). This book written by "Sharifoddin Hossein Kharazmi" is about mysticism, disposition, reminding of life and expressing the maxims of his father and mentor "Sheikh Kamaloddin Hossein Kharazmi" who was of the mystics of the 10th c. The main source of this book, in narrations and essays, was "The meftahol Talebin" from Maulana Kamaladdin Mahmud Ghajdavani who was caliph and close to the author's father. The purpose of writing that book was to guide and help wayfarers of Hosseinieh Dynasty.The main character of this book 'Kamaloddin Hossein Kharazmi' has been ignored by the researchers of Iran's history and literature and remained in anonymity in comparison with another mystic with the same name. So there were two mystics by the name of 'Kamaloddin Hossien Khrazmi', both with nom de plume Hossein, one murdered in Kharazm in the 9th c and the other deceased in Aleppo in the 10th century. Having differentiated between the two, in this essay, we are to deal with the selected parts of transcribed version of 'Jaddatol Asheghin ' and investigate its stylistic characters.

The establishment of the first Turkish government in Iran was materialized by Mahmud Ghaznavi and succeeded other Turkish governments in that country. Mahmud Ghaznavi, in his expansionistic ideas, eliminated a number of local dynasties from Iran's political and social geography. The emirates such as Saffarids, Sharon of Georgia, Ferighunian and Kharazmshahian and their elimination originated from Sultan's excessive greed. The problem is that: can we attain the facts about events by comparing the view points of the poets and historians of the Ghaznavid era? In this research, accompanied by descriptive- analytic method, we have tried, by getting help from the verses of the poets, to analyze the events. Afterwards, having grasped the ideas of the historians, we'll compare the reflection of these events in these two groups.

In the heights of human culture and literature there are beautiful signs of symbols and secrets which originate from mythological sources and thoughts and literary aesthetic teachings. These beliefs have penetrated into the context of our literature since the ancient times in such a way that grasping the literary, social and cultural dimensions of the poets' composition seems to be impossible without recognizing and attaining those thoughts.Regarding the fact that plants have had a significant stance in Persian Literature and poetry since the ages ago, and Ferdowsi's attendance with plants was known amongst the literary men, I have tried, in this paper, to use the formality of symbols, secrets and literary applications in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. The aim of writing this essay, beside the introduction of secrets, speculations, imaginations of plants in Ferdowsi's poetry, tries to solve some of the problems related to the content of the book and draws a critical, coherent, and comparative illustration of plant symbolism.

In this essay, we are to show the impact of Hafez, from different dimensions, on the West and to prove this, we've tracked the following items in mind:First, we have posed the view points of people who have commented on Hafez's poetry and have repaid their debts to Hafez by writing a few texts like: Johann chiir, Tedesko, Baron Von Hummer …Second, those who have inspired by Hafez, comprise the second part of this essay including: Goethe, Dante and Andre Jide.Third, People who have written books about Hafez, like: Clabonde, Lech Genmesky.Fourth, those who have translated Hafez's poetry including: Rackrate, Versilnki, Sicilia.Fifth, people who have written materials, addressing to Hafez and have praised him by comprising poetry, like: Fredrick Junker, Nietzsche, and Ralph Waldo Emerson, who altogether testify the worldwide reputation of Hafez.

A remarkable number of animal allegories have entered the mystic and Gnostic didactic works. These anecdotes have been narrated for both ethical points and for expounding the mystic teachings The Mathnavi relates most of the stories from works like "The Kalileh and Deneh", "The Sandbad Nameh", etc …. Maulana does not limit himself to the writers and narrators' view points but creates some other atmosphere which gives the story other kind of appealing and attraction. The story of Kalileh is only an excuse to reveal the facts which he has in his mind. He considers the stories of the Kalileh, with its thorough meanings as the crust and their internal implicative meanings as the core of soul. In The Mathnavi, we unintentionally encounter with Maulavi's special interpretations. Of course he changed the structure and elements of the story wherever necessary to adapt with what he intended to say.This research has been done to have acquaintance with the impact of the Kalileh and Demneh on the Mathnavi of Maulavi. The results attained indicate that Maulana's allegories had been under the influence of wise statements of the Kalileh and Demneh.