Year:2002 | Volume:15 | Issue:2 (55 IN ANIMAL AND FISHERIES SCIENCES)|Papers Count:23

Vegetation cover of arid and desert areas is mainly formed from halophyte plant species. These species are important in terms of feed resources for domestic animals such as sheep, goat and camel in desert areas and also for soil conservation. Because of there is not available information about nutritive value of these annual species, an experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of five annual halophyte species including Gamantus gamacarpus, Petrosimonia gluaca, Salsola crassa. Halotis occulta and Halocaris sulphaiea. Chemical composition: digestibility (by in-vivo method, pepsin- serolas), preference value (by cafeteria fashion) and voluntary intake were measured by using some Baluchi male sheep. Dry matter digestibility, digestibility of organic matter and digestibility of organic matter in dry matter were statistically different among treatments (p<0.05) and H.su, H. oc and p. gl showed higher digestibility relative to the other species. The amount of crude protein, fat and crude fiber of species was between 6 to 11.6, 4.2 to 6.8 and 8.5 to 20.4 percent, respectively. The voluntary intake of animals were different, so that the highest daily consulJ1ptiqr) of animal was 362 gram from H.su and the lowest was 215 gram from H.oc. The preference value of H.oc with 18.09 percent was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the other species.

The present study involved the duration of motility due to different patterns of movement and the fertility of intact and cryopreserved carp (Cyprinus carpio) spermatozoa. Cryopreserved sperms were prepared in different extenders and volumes by a four - step freezing rate. Movement of intact and thawed samples was considered according to three-pattern scale (progressive, rotatory and oscillatory). With a mean carp sperm density of 27.083x109 cell/ml and motility rate of above 80%, the duration of progressive and rotatory patterns were lower in cryopreserved sperm as compared with ithose in intact samples, however the duration of oscillatory movement was greater in the cryopreserved samples. Thus it is evident that this protocol lowered the progressive and rotatory movements of cryopreserved sperms which are important to produce high fertilization rates.

Net present value and price as two methods can be used for evaluation of natural resources depreciation. In this paper, an approach based on the net present value is used to consider the changes in the value of fisheyes resources. Changes in the value of fisheries resources come from the annually changes in catch. These changes must be considered in the national accounting system to arrive at sustainable income. The sustainable income is maximum value that a person consumes during a time period so that the well – being level of end fishing effort. Econometric calculations by OLS (ordinary least squares) are showed that over most years, the fisheries resources depreciated and this trend is with increasing the effort, Therefore, the policies reducing the fishing effort are recommended. Then Labor surplus must be driven to other sectors.

The morphological and histological struture of 52 male and female carps gonads have been studied. The fishes divided to four weight groups: (up to 100, 100-500, 500-1000, 1000-2000 grams) during two culture season. Tissue samples were stained with H & E and PAS Stain. The results showed that gonadosomatic index (GSI) was 4.18, 0.977, 2.033, 3.302 in different groups respectively. The difference between GSI in different groups was significant. Common carp ovary is an asynchronus type because all of stages of oocyte development were observed in same time, characteristics and diameter of oocytes in different groups determined as below: The occyte diameter range was 9.99 - 33.3 mm in chromatin nucleolus stage, 39.75-145.75 mm, in perinucleolus stage, 66.25-265 mm in yolk vesicle stage, 304.8-437.3 mm. in primary yolk stage, 397.5-583 mm, in secondary yolk stage and 463.7-993.8 im in tertiary yolk stage. Carp testes were lubular type. The structure of spermatogenic cell were studied diameter of the spermatogenic cells also were determined as below: spermatogonium (2.54-3.17 mm), spermatocyte (3.17-3.81 mm), spermatid (1.27-1.9 mm), spermatozoa (6.35 mm) and leydigcell (3.17-5.08 mm).  

The prevalence of antibody to the viruses of bovine diarrhoea, bovine herpes virus 1, bovine herpes virus 4, parainfluenza virus type 3 and bovine leukemia virus were detected. The prevalence of antibody to the viruses of bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD), bovine herpes virus, (IBR), bovine herpes virus 4 (BH4), Parainfluenza virus type 3 (P13) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was determined in center for buffalo sperm preparation in Oromieh by examining 121 serum sample collected in 1380 based on SN, NI and AGPT. Antibody to BVD virus was found in 13 sample. Antibody to IBR was found in 5 samples. Antibody to BH4 was not found in any samples. Antibody to P13 virus was widespread and found in 48 samples. And finally antibody to BLV was found in 8 samples. 

In 2000 and early 2001 , samples from 120 poultry farms submitted to Razi Institute were examined for Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) isolation. Ninty six farms out of these 120 farms (80%) had respiratory disorders, which 57 farms of them (59.4%) were infected with ORT, and all the infected flocks showed respiratory signs. Prominent signs in the infected flocks were airsacculitis, tracheitis, purulent cast near to syrinx, bronchopneumonia and sinusitis. Right ventricular failure (RVF) or ascites during or after course of ornithobacteriosis were seen. Out of 20 farms with high mortality and respiratory disorders, 16 farms (80%) were infected with ORT.!n this study ornithobacteriosis was observed in various types of commercial chicken including broilers, layers, and broiler breeders. Field isolates of ORT from natural Ornithobacteriosis subrnitted to Razi Institute were tested on their pathogenicity in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. ORT isolates were found to cause airsacculitis, tracheitis, pneumonia and pericarditis in 2-month-old SPF chickens, after intra – tracheal administration, and to cause sinusitis after intra – sinus injection. ORT was reisolated from affected organs, and all SPF chickens inoculated with ORT developed antibodies to ORT detectable by the serum plate agglutination test. Upon the results ORT can be recognized as an important cause of losses in poultry industry of our country.

The most important purposes of this research were determining the rate of infection publicity and variant interference rate such as age, sex, health management and other environmental factors. In this research we tested 874 serum samples were taken from different township of Caharmahal Bakhtiary province in Iran. All of those samples were tested in serum neutralization test (SN). Infection rate of whole province was 47.68%. Comparison between age groups showed that there was the lowest infection rate in 0-1 years old 17.5% and the cows had 6-7 years old had the most infection rate 77.5. This means that increasing in age causes the increase in rate of infection. There is the least infection rate (40.5%) in summer and the most infection rate (51.25%) in winter. The infection rate in cows which had regular vaccination programme were 46.6%, and these who didn't have a regular vaccination programme were infected about 48.5% and the infection in males were 37.5% and in females 47.4%. The infection rate in cows which had abortion were 65.5% and those who hadn't abortion were 46.7% Statistic analysis of these data shown that there was a significant difference between, increasing of age IBR infection with there wasn't any singificant difference between IBR infection with vaccination, sex and health management.

A total of 5876 spiny lobsters, Panulirus homarus Linnaeus, 1758 of commercial catch at 2000 were studied. Specimens were collected from Bris-Pasabandar, Ramin, Chabahar, Konarak, Puzm, Tang and Meidani in Systan-o-Balouchestan province at southeast of Iran. They were studied from the viewpoint of unauthorized fishing and length frequencies at different sites. Samples collected from Bris-Pasabandar had the minimal carapace mean length (73.31±7.81 mm). The maximal mean carapace length were observed in P. homarus samples from Tang (87.02±9.67 mm). Maximal catch of sub-size and egg-bearing females were observed in Bris-Pasabandar region and the minimum catch in Tang region (sub-size) and Ramin (egg-bearing). Eggs were omitted in 15-25% of egg-bearing females, especially in Bris-Pasabandar. 8.4-20.9% of eggless females had tar spots. Fishing management especially in Bris-Pasabandar was obviously poor, but the management of fishing at 2000 was better than 1999.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood serum were obtained from 57(12 mature male, 17 (12 immature male 19 mature female and, immature female) clinically normal and Khouzestan native buffaloes. Blood and CSF sample were collected by jugular venopuncture and lumbosacral cistern, respectively. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine : phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were quantified in CSF  and serum using routine biochemical procedures by an automated chemistry analyzer. Statistical analyses of these variables, including mean, standard errors of mean (SEM), correlation coefficient and confidence intervals, were performed. The mean values of AST, ALT, ALP, CPK and LDH in CSF for male, female, mature, immature  and regardless of age and sex were  significantly lower than the serum values (p<0.01, p<0.02). There were not significant differences between the two sex and two age groups of serum and CSF parameters.

In the present study, 142 carnivores including, 70 stray dogs, 40 jakals, 22 foxes and 10 wolves from Kashan in Iran were collected and examined for presence of Acanthocephala during 1999-2000. The results of necropsy indicated, from 142 samples, overall 44 sampels (31%) were contaminated to Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus. Rate of infection in male and female animals were 30% and 32.3% respectively. prevalence infection in dogs, jakals, foxes and wolves were 15.7% 62.5%, 27.3% and 20% respectively. The present study indicate intensity of parasite is rather high in the region so, control of carnivores are needed in order to reduce the rate of infection.

This survey was carried out to determine the role of water sources, seasons and temperature range on infestation rate of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. In regard to this aim 373 samples from 38 cultivated fish farm were collected and transferred to Higiene and Feeding lab of Shilat Office from June 2000 to June 2001. This survey showed that infestation rate was 11.26% and main source of fish infestation and distribution within the pools was river water. This finding by Anova test was significant (p < 0.05). Role of temperature and season on infestation rate by t-test was significant, as well (p<0.05). So these findings were proved to have directly effects on infestation rate, specially in summer (14%) and temperature of 14.5°c (50%).

In the present study, DIG-ELlSA (Diffusion In Gel-ELlSA) was evaluated for serodiagnosis of experimental toxoplasmosis in rat. 60 infected rat serum samples were tested using ELlSA and DIG_ELlSA techniques. In DIG-ELlSA, according to the diameter of reaction zone in the gel, 1:100 serum dilution was selected as a cut off. In this dilution the diameter was 3.54 mm. The results indicated that, DIG-ELlSA in comparison with ELlSA has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. The sensitivity and specificity of the test in 1:100 serum dilution, were 95% and 100% respectively. The results showed, using different concentrations of antigens for coating the plates as well as different concentrations of conjugated-antibody have not affected the diameter of reaction zone. In addition, DIG-ELlSA was found fast and economical for toxoplasmosis serodiagnosis.

Sampling for determine of density and composition marcrobentos in shrimp farming ponds in Tiab area, was done from July to Nov 1999 in 9 pondat every month. Samples were calculated by Grab with %2 m2 area. Results showed 4 group macrobentos in ponds that including: Polychaeta, copepoda, nematoda and shrimp larvae. Maximum frequency was belong to polychaeta with %49 and minimum frequency was belong to shrimp larvae with %1. Macrobentos density in unit per area was low and farm 1 was lowest in among other farms. Studies showed decreased density and composition of macrobentos in during farming term and some of the groups reached to zero.

In this study, five methods of OM and OM digestibility of four rations were compared using sixteen Zel rams. Diets were: 1- alfalfa hay (ad libitum), 2- alfalfa hay and barley grain (60:40), 3- wheat straw and barley grain (60:40) and 4- wheat straw and barley grain (80:20). Diets 2, 3 and 4 were each offered at the level of 40 g DM/Kg W 0.75 The digestibility methods which been conducted were total collection of faeces, lignin (as an internal marker), acid insoluble ash (AlA), chromic oxide and in vitro techniques for all rations, there were a significant different (p<0.01) between the DMD and OMD of total collection method and lignin, AlA and in vitro techniques. However, no signicant difference (p<0.05) were noted between the chromic oxid method and total collection method. for all rations, the recoveries were 88, 112 and 101% For lignin. AlA and chromic oxide respectively for all diets, a high correlation coefficient (r) was obtained between total collection method and lignin, chromic oxid and in vitro techniques. That is mean, lignin, chromic oxid and in vitro methods may be used to estimate the DMD and OMP of all ration; however AlA method can not be used to estimate the DMD and OMD af all ration.

The most important ectoparasite of honey bee is Varroa mite (Varroa destructor). One of the important factors of honey bee resistance to this mite, is grooming behaviour that injure the mites and physically dislog them from. their body. Honey bee breeders attempt to select the races that have this (kind of behaviour and produce the races that have great relative resistance to, Varroa mite. In this study, honey bee populations from Isfahan, Tehran, Markazi and Ghazvin provinces were compared for grooming behaviour. The, statistical design for evaluating resistance mechanism was a complete, randomized design. Treatments were colonies of four provinces from National, breeding research project that carried out on five replications. Each - replication included one small hive with 100-200 bees that were taken from, each normal colony randomly and kept in a walking incubator. At the bottom of each small hive, there was a metal plate coated with vaselin so that the. mites that fall down can not walk up back on bees. The number of fell down mites was recorded each 24 hours for 10 days. Results showed that on average Isfahan has the greatest percent of injured mites (10 percent); Ghazvin, Markazi and Tehran had 7, 6 and 4 percent injured mites I respectively. Results didn't show any significant statistical difference between the colonies of provinces for injuries to mites but Duncan's multiple range. test showed different statistical difference between groups of treatments. Two: kinds of injuries to the mites were observed: first type (kind)was injuries to, the legs and pedipalps and another type (kind)was the injuries to the dorsal. and ventral parts of the body. Due to the greatest percent of injured mites, and low population of mites in colonies of Isfahan, it could be concluded that the bees from Isfahan province, can decrease mite population with some behavioral mechanisms that grooming is one of the concerned behaviors.

In order to determine the relationship between biochemical composition of ovulated egg and fertilization rate (F.A.) in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus Borodin 1987) breeders of Persian sturgeon with same stage of sexual maturity were selected and propagated artificially. During of ovulation their eggs were sampled (24 specimens) and fertilization rate of eggs were recorded while biochemical composition of eggs such as: content of lipid (L) and phospholipid (PL), ratio of PLlL, fatty acids level and area of PLs were determined. Breeders, according to F.R. divided in two groups: first group with higher than 50% and second group with lower than 50%. Results showed that egg composition of females that had higher fertilization rate were different in some cases from those that had lower fertilization rate. Level of oleic fatty acid in the first group was 41.48% and in the second group was 44.9% (p<0.05). Ratio of PUL in first group was 8/8% and in second group was 17/6% (p<0.05). Total area of phosphotidyl choline and Lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine in first group was 53.2% and in second group was 55.5% (p<0.05). But in this study no significant differences were found in another fattyacids and total lipid content and area of another PLs (p>0.05).

The effect of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) on the some cocoom parameters and egg production of the silkworm (Bambyx mari L) were determined. Enriched mulberry leaves with vitamin C solution (0.2 g/liter) and water were fed to the forth and fifth instars larvae. Experimental groups were one, two or three times of the three feeding times per day and were substituted with treated leaves (with vitamin C solution of water). The male and female cocoom weight, cocoon shell weight and pupa weight were significantly increased (p£0.05) in all the experimental groups when compared with the control group. Egg productivity was significantly increased (p£0.05) in all the experimental groups except in three times feeding with vitamin C enriched mulberry leaves when compared with the control group. But, the male and female cocoon shell ratio is significantly increased (p£0.05) only in one time feeding with vitamin C enriched mulberry leaves group. Vitamin C content in mulberry leaves is enough growht and development of silkworm but don't completely available. Vitamin C availability was increased with supplementation of water.

Within comprehensive fisheries potential study of the two artificial lakes and the Yosofcandy wetland adjacent to downstream of Mahabad dam lake, birds population circumstances have also been investigated. The census has been performed by seasonal observation watching by binoculars inside space of the water - bodies and the marginal area. The study showed despite high trophy level of the two aquatic system, the birds diversity and abundance were different. In Baroon or Maku lake, low abundance and diversity of birds were observed, whereas in Mahabad lake Yosofcandy wetland higher diversity including farther concentration of birds were witnessed. Greater number of birds species in Maku area were trresterial, feed on grains and insects only in 20% of birds population, fish found in their feed tiems. Further than 48 species of the recorded birds in the study area of Maku, in 9 species of birds fish were seen in their stomach content, in 17 species aquatic invertebrate were foraged, six species were carnivorous and 24 species of birds fed by grains and insects, Based on field observation ducks were abundant in winter and autumn, the golden eye duck was the only species among duck community which fish were found in their nutrition and its density in Makulake observed very small size. In surrounding of Mahabad lake, due to habitat diversity and the presence of trresterial birds, the fish - eating birds formed by 27.77% in contrast the Yosofcandy wetlands birds population comprised by 53.57%. As a whole 14 species of birds in the study area feed fish, but low quantity in their diet. In Mahabad lake the most fish - eating birds inhabit in offshore and near shore zone, also in Yosofcandy wetland the plunge dive birds species were considerable. In Pyranshahr tributary of Mahabad lake, Laridae and Ardeidae observed with high abundance in winter and autumn, while Anatidae were dominant in spring and summer. The common coot became resident birds species of Yosofcandy wetland. Laridae and Ardeidae were the most dominating of fish - eating birds in the study area, and their population contributes to spread of diseases and parasites.