IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PULSES RESEARCH
Year:2013 | Volume:4 | Issue:1|Papers Count:10

Spreading faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivation can enhance the sustainability of cropping systems and have other important benefits. However, there is little information on the various aspects of production management for this crop. Then, this experiment was carried out to study the response of some agronomic characteristics of faba bean cv Barakat to inter- (15, 30, 45 and 60 cm) and intra-row (5, 10 and 15 cm) spacing. The experiment was conducted at the Research Field of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences in 2009-2010 growing season in a randomized complete block design as factorial arrangement with three replications. The results of analysis and variance indicated the significant effects of inter- and intra-row spacing, and their interactions on green pod, grain and biological yield. The yields reduced as inter-row and intra-row spacing increased with an exception about 15 cm inter-row spacing in which the lowest grain and green pod yield was attained from 5 cm intra-row spacing. There was no significant difference between 10 and 15 cm intra-row spacing in 15 cm inter-row spacing. In this study, the yields increased with increasing plant density between 11 and 67 plants/m2, and with more uniform planting arrangement in even plant density, generally. Among yield components, the effect of experimental factors on the seed size was not significant, the seed per pod only affected significantly by intra-row spacing, while the pod number per plant affected by both factors. The change in the pod number/m2 was the main reason for the yield alteration. The obtained results indicated the substantial response of faba bean yield to inter- and intra-row spacing, and the necessity of investigating the interactions between these factors and other factors such as planting date and genotype.

Long term use of fallow in wheat-based cropping system of dry and semi-dry lands can increase erosion and decrease soil fertility. Legumes as substituting crops for fallow could improve sustainability in this area. This study was conducted to evaluate the substituting of some legumes for fallow in a 2-yr wheat rotation at Research Stations in North Khorasan Province (Natural Resources Research Station of North Khorasan, Sisab-Bojnord) from 2002 till 2006. Six cropping systems, follow-wheat, wheat-wheat, chickpea-wheat, lentil-wheat, vicia-wheat and annual medic-wheat, were used on three replications. According to the average data from biomass and yield of substituting crops, wheat biomass was more than the legumes biomass in 2002-03 and 2004-05, and among the legumes, vicia and lentil biomass was more than that from chickpea and annual medic. Also, wheat yield (159.9 g.m-2) was more than lentil and chickpea yield (86.8 and 83.3 g.m-2). Average wheat yield on the two rotation cycles (P<0.05) affected by previous substituting crops, significantly. The most and the least wheat yield was achieved on the fallow-wheat (180.8 g.m-2) and wheat wheat (110.4 g.m-2) rotations. However, the wheat yield on the lentil-wheat and vicia-wheat rotations had not significantly different from wheat-wheat cropping system. According to the results, it seems that lentil and vicia could be introduced as a crop candidate for substituting for fallow at the North Khorasan province.

Genetic diversity in bean collection can be used in breeding program for selection of genotype with desirable agronomic traits. Fifty two accessions of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) has been evaluated for genetic diversity of agronomic traits, grain quality and determination of association between grain yield and some morphological traits at Research Farm of National Plant Gene Bank of Iran, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj during 2011. Complete randomized block design with two replications has been used for conduction of experiment and statistical analysis. According to Biodiversity International descriptors traits understudy has been recorded. Descriptive statistics results of traits analysis indicated considerable diversity regarding node number on main stem, 100 seed weight, seed number per plant and pod number per plant. Variation for traits of seed number per plant, 100 seed weight, days to maturity and seed yield per plant ranged between 32-150 seeds, 14.8-74.22 g, 46-96 days and 11.2-55.1 g, respectively. Coefficients of variation for genetic and phenotypic were high regarding traits of node number on main stem, pod number per plant, seed number per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant. All traits except days to flowering (22.3%) and days to forming pod (7.9%) had high heritability between 62.8-82.9%. Based on cluster analysis genotypes understudy classified in tree groups among them two had highest single plant seed yield. Among qualitative characters maximum variation has been observed for pod string and minimum for pod tip curve. According to results of simple correlation, multiple regression and path analysis; pod number per plant, 100 seed weight and seed number per plant as components of yield had the greatest impact on performance of single plant seed yield. During principal component analysis 67.60% of recorded traits variations were due to four factors.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is mainly cultivated in arid and semi-arid agricultural systems. Drought stress is a major factor delimiting maximum yield. This research evaluated the effects of drought stress treatments on expression of Cu/znSOD as a gene involving in drought tolerance by Real time PCR technique. To find the probable relationship between the molecular and physiological effects of treatments, total soluble leaf protein and enzyme activity of SOD (EC: 1.15.1.1) were measured. Drought stress was applied by 30% of field capacity in flowering stage. Sampling was arranged on three times; pre stress, 48 hours after stress and 24 hours after recovery period. This study conducted as a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications. Real time PCR data analysis indicated that the expression of Cu/znSOD between the two genotypes, candidate for tolerance (MCC696) and sensitive genotype (MCC759) was not significantly different from control condition. But the gene expression of Cu/znSOD in international genotype (MCC877) was more than other two genotypes in control condition. Consistent with some previous research results, gene expression levels of Cu/znSOD was reduced in two days after drought time than control, and increased in recovery stage compared to control plants. The measurement of total soluble leaf proteins and SOD enzyme activity under drought condition treatments revealed no significant difference compared to control conditions.

In order to evaluate the efficiency of inoculation of chickpea seeds with Mesorhizobium and application of nitrogen on yield and yield components of chickpea an experiment was conducted in Research Station of Neishobour, Khorasan-Razavi. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications and 13 treatments including Mesorhizobium (SWRI 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15), nitrogen levels (70 and 140 mg/Kg from urea source), zinc (25 Kg.ha-1 from zinc sulphate source), and the control. Results showed that differences of grain and biological yield among treatments were significant (P<0.01). The highest grain yield (1026 Kg.ha-1) and biological yield was obtained from SWRI12 inoculation. That was 7 to 13 percent greater than control for grain yield while for without inoculation was 25 to 40 percent greater. Maximum number of nodes was obtained SWRI12 treatment (12.75 node per plant), while minimum number of nodes was obtained from 70 mg/Kg N (3.5 node per plant). Maximum nitrogen content was obtained from SWRI12 treatment (4.5 percent). Combine analysis of two years result showed that inoculation treatments increased dry weight, N percent and yield.

This study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on phenology, morphology and yield of four cultivars of chickpea. This experiment was performed in a splitfactorial using randomized complete block design with three replications. Drought stress treatment stood in main plots (in three levels) consisting of no drought stress (control), moderate drought stress (irrigation at planting and early flowering) and severe drought stress (no irrigation). Combination of nitrogen fertilizer (in two levels 0kg N/ha and 25kg N/ha) and cultivar treatment (four cultivars Azad, Bivanij, Hashem and ILC482) stood in sub plots. Results showed that drought stress had significant effect on phenology and morphological traits, biomass yield and grain yield. Increase of drought stress lead to reduce of growth period, plant height, biomass yield and grain yield. Among cultivar treatments, Bivanij had shorter phenological stages time as complete ripening and prepared of harvesting in 82 day in high water stress and had a highest biomass and grain yield. Hashem cultivar had a maximum growth length. Also, Nitrogen fertilizer had a positive effect on grain yield in non stress condition.

Winter sown chickpeas produce more yields in comparison with spring type. This function is hampered by the sensitivity of the crop to low temperature. In order to study and identify high yielding and cold tolerant chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) lines, 65 entries along with one susceptible check variety namely ILC533 were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications during 2010-11 cropping season at Saral Agricultural Research Station of Kurdistan province, west of Iran. Cold tolerance was investigated via viability percentage and cold tolerance rate parameters. Analysis of variance revealed that there were significant differences among the lines for plant height, 100 seed weight, seed yield and cold tolerance rate. Significant negative and positive correlations were found among yield and cold tolerance rate and viability percentage, respectively. The cluster analysis, categorized the lines into three distinct groups. According to this study, 14 lines having 3 and less than 3 of cold tolerance rate, 80-95 viability percentage and more than 141g/m2 seed yield recognized as superior lines for cold tolerance.

Vermicompost can improve physicochemical traits of soil having desirable effect on plant growth and development due to its structural traits and having macro and micro nutrients, plant growth regulators and favorable microorganisms. In order to investigate the effect of interactions between ratios of vermicompost and saline stress on some morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Light Red Kidney cultivar, an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in 2010. The treatment levels were considered including five volumetric ratios of vermicompost and sand (0:100; 10:90; 25:75; 50:50 and 75:25) and four saline levels including 0.00 (control), 30, 60, 90 and 120 mM NaCl. Bean seeds were cultured in plastic pots, the seedlings being sampled 28 days later. The results showed that vermicompost under stress and without stress had significant effect (P£ 0.01) on all traits including ratio of leaf area/root area, root/shoot ratio, membrane stability index, relative water content, amounts of sodium, potassium and calcium found in leaf and root tissues. In this experiment, vermicompost caused increase in potassium and calcium intake and decrease in sodium intake, in saline stress, due to its structural traits and the materials it. Therefore, it seems that vermicompost can ameliorate undesirable effects of salinity on bean seedlings.

Faba bean is one of the proper crops for cultivation in Guilan climate conditions in rotation with rice. One of the limiting factors in development of cultivating this plant is late maturity and synchronizing of its ripening with rice transplanting. To investigate the effect of planting date, timing and consumption rate of paraquat herbicide on the ripening, grain yield and some of the agronomic traits of Vicia faba L. (var. Barekat), a split factorial experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design with 21 treatments and three replications at Rice Research Institute of Iran (Rasht) in 2009-2010 cropping season. Experimental treatments were three planting dates of 2 and 17 October and 1 November as main factors, consumption rate of paraquat in three levels of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 Kg.ha-1 of active ingredient and two application times of grain moisture content of 40% and 60% for pods in one third of plant bottom as sub plots as well as three control treatments of the planting dates of 2 and 17 October and 1 November. The results showed that there is not statistical difference between the use of desiccant and control in grain yield and yield components. Although, the use of desiccant had negative effects on protein percent and protein yield. Among the studied treatments, maximum grain and protein yields were obtained in planting date of 17 October, consumption rate of 0.2 and 0.4 Kg.ha-1 of active ingredient in application time of 40% of grain moisture with average of 830.7 and 824.8 g/m2, respectively. Planting date of 2 October, consumption rate of 0.6 Kg.ha-1 of active ingredient in application time of 60% of grain moisture had the lowest grain and protein yields. Maximum and minimum growth duration were obtained for control treatment in planting date of 2 October with average of 239 days and planting date of 1 November, spraying in the step of 60% of grain moisture and concentration of 0.6 Kg.ha-1 of paraquat active ingredient with average of 221 days, respectively. Based on the obtained results, it seems that consumption of the desiccant had no negative effect on grain yield and can be used for early harvesting faba bean. Planting date of 17 October, consumption rate of 0.4 Kg.ha-1 of active ingredient in application time of 40% of grain moisture reduced the growth duration (4 days) and is recommended as better treatment.

Bean root rot caused by plant pathogenic fungus, Fusarium solani, is considered one of the most important diseases of bean in the world and in Iran. Because of economic importance of bean and the lack of information on population diversity of the pathogen in Zanjan province, a research was conducted to study phenotypic, genotypic and pathogenicity variation of pathogen isolates and to assess pathogen host range among several commonly cultivated crops in the studied region. Plants with disease symptoms were sampled from 11 fields of province and totally 30 isolates of F. solani were obtained. After disease proving, host range experiment and phenotypic investigations, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted on total DNA by using RAPD and ERIC primers. The results showed no significant difference in pathogenicity of isolates, but there was phenotypic and genotypic diversity among them. Among 9 inoculated plants including wheat, alfalfa, white bean, red bean, pinto bean, sain foin, faba bean, lentils and chickpea, only wheat showed no disease symptoms. DNA fingerprinting patterns from both molecular markers demonstrated high genetic diversity of isolates on bean in Zanjan. However RAPD PCR based on using single primer (OPA 13) produced more reliable products, but grouping based on this marker was considerably consistent with grouping based on ERIC marker. There was no association between geographic regions and genetic groups. Also there was no consistency between phenotypic and genotypic diversity of isolates.