POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY
Year:2013 | Volume:9 | Issue:22|Papers Count:10

Richard Rorty by presenting a new interpretation of pragmatism distinguishes his distance from other tendencies in American philosophy. Philosophy to Rorty has no longer the role of legitimating human knowledge and defending the relations, applications and human and social actions merely philosophical is baseless. Philosophy, at its best is a voice among voices and will perform a refining role. On the other hand, due to the historic relation of philosophy with politics and political and by challenging the role of philosophy, the contemporary political theory in general and egalitarian democracy as the most possible exiting government in particular will changefoundamentally. Therefore, the present research intends to examine the main impact of new pragmatism upon democracy which has an egalitarian tune to Rorty.

Syrian crisis has put in disorder the regional equations. Since the beginning of Syrian crisis in three years ago, the world dimension of crisis has been revealed more than before. On the other hand, there are the Western countries and their allies in the region who are wishful Assad’s regime overthrow and supporting his opponents, and on the other hand, there are Iran, Russia and China that are in favour of political reforms within Assad’s government.Regarding the situation, the article’s question is what are the roots, goals and consequences of Russian foreign policy before Syrian crisis. Due to the fact that Russian has pursued to maintain and increase her influence in the Middle East region since the post Cold War, the authors, by applying descriptive, explanative and analytical methods attempt to show that Russia, in order to keep its strategic interests and the balance of power in the Middle East region and Mediterranean Sea and to prevent the West security and military presence in her influence zone, has followed to maintain Assad’s regime and support political reforms within Syrian government.

Political thought in the Islamic period of Iranian culture reached to its culmination in three branches: Policy Letter writing, Political Philosophy and Sharaye Writing. If one considers Farabi as the founder of political philosophy, then, there is no doubt that Khwaja Nzam-al-Mulk Tusi with Siyar-al-Muluk and Imam Mohammad Ghazali with Nsyhat-al-Muluk are regarded as the masters of policy letter writhers and in the course of political thinking developments have made the policy letter writhing as the most important current of political thought in the post-Islamic, Iran. However, the point is that the policy letters are regarded as the continuation of the advice letter writing in the pre-Islamic Iran, especially in the Sassanids period. The article aims, by applying a comparative method, to compare between the works of the two eminent policy letter writers of that periods Khwaja Nzam-al- Mulk Tusi and Imam Mohammad Ghazali and considers their objective views on how to gain and maintain political power.

Islamic republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia have experienced very diversed relations. The behavioral patterns dominating over these relations have began by “conflict” and after two periods of “coexistence” and “”cooperation” turned into “conflict” towards each other once again. The article claims that while examining these relations and behavioral patterns dominating on them you should consider these factors: “identity” by emphasis on both countries ideology, “geopolitics” of two countries and the “structure” of international system as factors to shape these behavioral patterns. It is because that, the way these factors interact, is the cause of two countries dosing or confronting to each other. Therefore, the changes in identical and geopolitical competitions along with structural pressures of international system lead to domination of conflict patterns on these mutual relations.

Iran and Turkey both enjoy a suitable strategic situation in the region due to their geographical conditions they are located in. Both the countries in terms of geographic factor neighborhood, a particular strategic situation in the region, economic relations, common historic, cultural, religious and ethnic connections, have suitable capacities and backgrounds need to establish a particular kind of relations. However, some areas such as central Asia and Caucasia and the problem of Islamic founametalism, because of their contradiction to mutual interests, are challenging and some other, for example the Middle East, energy economic relations and the Kurds problem, due to their link to common interests, create opportunities in relation between two countries. Thus the present investigation tends, by applying descriptive analytical method, to examine the challenges and opportunities in relations between the two countries.

Justice, like liberty, is one of the concepts that has always been a matter of concentration to political thinkers and different interpretations have been presented about it. Liberalism which was more conserned with liberty during the last decades of twentieth country, since then was associated by Rawls concept of justice and attracted much more attention. In his discussions, Rawls emphasizes on justice and equality as these principles which were absent of a liberal society. The present text, by applying a descriptive-analytical method, attempts to know how is applicable Rawls's theory of justice in a society. In terms of the research claim, Rawls attempt to justify the concept pf justice, entails all individual, social political, normative aspects of human relations within liberalism which means that his emphasis on justices is totally different from what in Marx's thought. In spite of Rawls basic project about reforming public sphere, he still views individual as a center of his concern and analysis while regards justice as main character of social institutions.

Sheikh Fazlolah Noori and Allame Mohammad Hossein Naeini are considered as two greatest thinking leaders and activists among opponents and advocates Iran's Constitutional Movement whose political and religious views had a very influential role in the developments of Constitutional Revolution and the current of religious legitimacy advocating. These two are famed as the main ideal types of religious legitimacy and constitutionalist advocating currents. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to explain the reasons of opposing and advocacy with Constitutionalist, through a comparative study of their political and religious views. It goes on to answer the question why is it that on the basis of a common religious Jurisprudence legacy, the two eminent religious experts, have different and opposite interpretations of a political system.

The mobilization of Islamic movements is considered as the most important among the collective actions forms is some recent decades, and this fact necessitates a scientific and methodological investigation of the phenomenon. The theory of social movement, by ability of interacting between its triple functional sphere which are: political opportunities mobilizing structures and frameworks, is able to illuminate the political and complicated dynamisms which an Islamic movement- in position of a social movement- takes action by its means. Therefore the present article attempts, by reviewing the key elements of social theory movement and knowing its theoretical capacities to perform the utility and efficiency of social movement theory in regard of realizing the mobilizing dynamisms of Islamic movements.