POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY
Year:2011 | Volume:- | Issue:14|Papers Count:11

Michel Foucault in his genealogy methocd and explanation of the way of subject formation, analyses power/science relations. He mentions of three types of being: “Science-being”, “Power-being”, and “Self-being”. He regards the subject as the relations of self with self which realizes in self-being. However, to the view point of the author, micro-subject does not form by relation of self with self, but in relation of self with other and also belongs to the other being with other and also belongs to the other being which is called existence of will or “Will-being”. If, “self-being” is made of relations of will with self, then, will-being is formed by relations of power with other powers.

Politics has been articulated differently within twentieth century political thought currents as followed: as a super-structure versus economic infrastructure or a minimal concern which merely should serve individual interests or a kind of domination, deception and repression. But, a narration by Habermas about politics is based on communicative rationality. His thought generally refers to the critique on liberation and liberating action. Therefore, it is in the context of such a general attitude which his philosophy confronts and contradicts with the most important twentieth century thinking currents. By reconstructing the ideas of Weber, Marx and Frankfurt school in front of the comprehensive instrumental rationality, he puts forward the ideas of communicative rationality and lays down the rational and philosophical bases for politics.

The Problem of energy supply security for vast and most populated country i.e. china is very important. Therefore they are greatly dependant on such a vital substance for securing their social and political stability and also keep continuous economic growth. So, china has followed certain policies to secure highly her energy supply during the last decade. One of the priorities in china and other main energy importing countries policy making is to vary dependence on different oil producing regions and countries. The main aim of such a policy is to secure highly the supply of oil and as a result to reduce risk and vulnerability of it during any unexpected accident in these countries and regions, such as Hormoz and Malaca straits. The policy of the expansion of investments by china’s public and private companies in the main oil producing countries in the Middle East, Central Asia, Africa and the Latin America exactly regarded in this direction. In this regard the article attempts to study and examine the process.

The article has been written due to three purposes: first, to view the reflection of increasing international attention to child case by regulating new documents providing international mechanisms which have bee neglected for a long time; second, to examine the increasing international anxiety about the subject of violence against children and especially, street children which in some countries has become a sort problem without any internal solution, and finally, to study the views of the experts and those who are seeking a remedy. Regarding the roots of the problem in the ground of family breakdown, social harms such as drug addiction and also internal and regional arm conflicts, in order to find probably a better conditions for street children in this way, the author also pays attention to the problem here in the country.

The two cases of September 11 and Human Rights have been considered as the most important concerns in foreign policies and human rights organizations during recent decade. The impacts of human rights and the United States’s view to the case within combating terrorism in international scale after September 11 shows more than ever the importance of the problem. Also, challenges faced democracy, human rights and security since September 11 have caused all these concepts to go through the basic changes in the Middle East as a result of September 11 events, in some cases to observe human and social security have been regarded more important than to protect sovereignty. Therefore, there is a meaningful relation between September 11 event and the development of the human rights concept in the Middle East. There is also such a development regarding human rights in the Middle East. The article pursues to review the influence of September 11 events on human rights concept in the Middle East.

The concept of peace is one of the most important problems which have always engaged the mind of different researchers in different fields. Among them the ideas of thinkers and scholars of international relations are especially distinct in this regard, so as, every approaches in international relations fields has its distinct view toward such an important world problem. For example, to Realists, to increase national power of the countries is considered as a factor in keeping world peace. And to Liberals, cooperation between countries’s national interests is regarded as a main factor in keeping world peace. Therefore, other approaches have also their different viewpoints toward setting up and keeping world peace within International System. The article tries by investigating the elements relating to peace in each of these approaches to illuminate the fact that which of them could better help in keeping world peace in the conditions of globalization.

The September 11, 2001 event has changed many strategic equations of great powers in the world scale. In this event, the United States which has been tolerated the most damages and harms was forced to change her behavior. The U.S. began a series of pre-emptive wars and in the first step invaded Afghanistan. Then, the U.S. foreign policy shifted her attention toward Iraq and invaded this country too. This action was due to the assumption that Iraq under Saddam Hossein leadership is engaging in producing mass killing arms and supporting fundamental groups such as al-Qaeda. Therefore, the United States invaded Iraq and occupied it aiming to change Saddam’s regime. The article attempts to analyses the U.S foreign policy toward Iraq within her hegemonic behavior framework, in order to illuminate the reasons forwarded to justify the policies made by U.S. relating Iraq.