JOURNAL OF WETLAND ECOBIOLOGY
Year:2013 | Volume:4 | Issue:14|Papers Count:9

The present research relates to the measurement of species diversity indices of macro-benthos as bioindicators of environmental health in Chaf wetland. Chaf wetland is located in 10 km of northeast of Langerud city and in the vicinity of Chaf village and 9 km far from the south of Amirkelaye international wetland in Guilan province. Sampling was carried out in 10 stations using Van-Veen grab, with 3 repetitions in each station in two seasons of winter and summer in 2010. According to the results of this survey, seven classes of benthic invertebrates in this region were identified. Among the identified groups the most percentage of frequency was related to Insecta with 76.35 % (19522 no. in each m2) and the least percentage of frequency was related to Adenophorea with 0.1% (26 no. in each m2). In this research, parameters of physical-chemical of water such as temperature, salinity, pH, DO, and also existing factors in sedimentation of organic material and granular of sediment materials were evaluated and compared. Shannon index (H'), Simpson index (λ) and Kamargo uniformity index (É) were used for evaluating the existence variety of macro-benthos in the studied region. The highest value of Shannon index in winter and the lowest one in summer were recorded 1.566 and 0.657, respectively. Welch model was used as pattern to understand the ecological situation of the region in terms of the level of pollution. According to the results based on the mentioned model high level of pollution was in summer (H<1) and within the average limit was in winter (1<H<3).

Ghezel-uzan is a river from Chehel-cheshme-Kurdestan to Caspian sea, it joints to several rivers and then in south of Gilan they create Sefidrood river. And then raid Caspian sea. Effect of this river on two lake of dam, include lake of sefidrood dam and lake of shahriar in the end of eastern Azarbayjan zone, and so it's effect on the ecosystem of them is an important point. On the other hand it self as a lagoon is so important. In this research we use NSF water quality index, that shows results in five ranges (very bad, bad, medium, good and great). We use parameters pH, TS, phosphate, nitrates, BOD5, FC and turbidity, that were detected with standard methods in eight stations for two period of time, then we used NSF calculator for determine NSF amounts. Results show that in high water duration in second station water quality is bad, that turbidity and BOD5 are most important reasons of this occurrence, however other reasons are effective. In both reasons station one and two, and station eight in less water season, water quality indices are in range good, that again these parameters were most effective. So these parameters controlling, specially with rain water controlling and wastewater controlling, will be so useful. In high water season in station eight and in other station in both seasons water quality is medium, in nor season and non station water quality are not in ranges great and very bad. Almost results of high water season are better than other season. Also TS in both seasons is a reason of reducing amount of water quality, so, its controlling especially in raining will be necessary. As FC is effective on reducing water quality index, its possible that the river is polluted with domestic wastewaters, that needs to control.

About the vital role of Talar river in providing drinking water and acting as a source of agricultural water for the lands next to this river and discharge of various contaminants into this river, quantitative examination of river water seems to be needed. But by providing contaminants zoning and a clear image of quantitative conditions of surface waters by GIS, making any management decisions that will cause direct or indirect environmental impacts on surface waters of the country, become more warily.In this study, which is a kind of sectional study, sampling was done from 6 selected stations (2 upstream stations, 2 middle stream stations and 2 downstream stations) during two periods of high rainfall and low rainfall, in a water year 2012-2013. The results got from laboratory tests were analyzed by quantitative index of NSFWQI and then the path of river was zoned by GIS software.According to NSFWQI, the most suitable conditions belongs to upstream station during high-rainfall period (58, medium condition) and the worst conditions belongs to downstream station during low-rainfall periods (46, bad condition). In accordance to statistical analysis, it became clear that there is a relation between sampling stations and under studied indexes (P-value<0.05).The results of this study showed that among three stations, upstream station water is more suitable for drinking purposes or can be prepared for drinking usages by least treatment and pH adjustment, related to other stations. But the water of other stations must be treated with advanced treatment methods to become acceptable for drinking purposes.

In natural ecosystems, monitoring has a special issue for the optimum use of these ecosystems. Urmia Lake is the largest international wetland of Iran, and also the environmental characteristics have caused Urmia Lake as a more of attractive to researchers and planners. Recently, fluctuation in the level and volume of the Lake water has been caused many scientists to attract to discus and research about these subjects. In this study, we carried out to detection about the structural change of Urmia Wetland by using remote sensing, GIS, as well as Landscape Ecology Science in lastly 21 years time to accomplish an environmental management for the wetland in 2012. Hence, firstly we prepared the imagery of Landsat 4 and 5 and TM imagery related to the four time periods, then, we used the ENVI software for the geometry and spectral corrections, and finally, images were categorized into two classes for quantitative calculating about wetland change: blue and non-blue images. By using the FRAGSTATS software, the metrics of the landscape for quantitatively about structural change were made. The area of the Urmia Lake by results from CA metric was observed decreasing. Furthermore, the amount of the PD metric from 1998 to 2006 has increased and in 2011, this amount showed 300% increased. The amount of the TE metric from 1990 to 1998 has been increased, and in 2006 and 2011 this amount significantly decreased. The amount of the MESH metric from 1990 to 1998 has been increased and from 1998 to 2006 as well as 2011 this amount was decreased. The amount of the ED metric from 1990 to 1998 was decreased but in 2006 and 2011 increased. The amount of the LPI into 1990, 1998, and 2006 was constant, but in 2011 this amount was significantly decreased.

Wetlands are one of the important natural ecosystems and have a significant role for development of their surrounding societies. But, wetlands are faced to destruction in IRAN and whole word. They are destructing very fast. Real identification of threating factors of wetlands is based on their importance and the rate of influencing can support many actions for prevention of destruction. Indeed it can prepare real implementation of environmental management and conservation of wetlands. Wetlands management for protection of them is the way to control human direct pressure and sustain the natural process in wetlands margins. For identification and study of pressures and threats of khuzestan provinces wetlands, Delphi method and Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) have been used. Results of the study show, they are 27 pressures and threats factors for Shadegan wetland, 16 factors for Hoor_Al_Azim wetland, 10 factors for Miangaran wetland, and 11 factors for Bamdezh wetland. Analysing and comparing of cumulative rate of pressures and threats on studied wetlands show Hoor_Al_Azim wetland has 474.5 rate of cumulative pressures and 500.5 cumulative threats which are maximum in wetlands of khuzestan province. Miangaran wetland has least rate in the province with rate of 204.5 cumulative pressures and 209.5 cumulative threats. This wetland has most optimum condition between all natural wetlands of the khuzestan province.

Application of appropriate methods for planning and decision making in land evaluation is very important for the optimization of mankind activities. The objective of this study is land suitability evaluation using fuzzy and multi criteria decision making methods to develop agricultural and range management land uses in parcel A of Gheshlagh dam watershed in Kurdistan province, west of Iran (in 2011). Following data collection and weighting effective criteria for land suitability evaluation for three types of the land uses including irrigation farming, dry farming and range management based on fuzzy triangular function; fuzzy simple additive weighting (FSAW) method was applied to overlay maps and data analysis in GIS environment. Then, the prioritization of land uses was done based on quantitative analysis. The results showed that weighting of decision criteria and zoning of land from ecological perspective can be done easily and more accurately by using fuzzy method. Additionally, it was found that development of irrigation farming, dry farming and range management land uses is allocated in 3.1, 14.8 and 28.5 percentages of the study area, respectively, while the rest of the region (53.6 %) is unsuitable to develop above mentioned land uses.

The study was executed for intention of determination how is spatial niche segregation between 11 species of wintering waterfowls in Selkeh wildlife refuge in 19 kilometer North Rasht. The Region of study divided by lattice from 360 cells 10×10 m and selected randomly 250 cells. samples was collected during autumn and winter in 1389. A spatial niche segregation waterfowls studying with measure of methods habitat variables such as water depth, vegetation height, floating leaves absence and presence, open water and emergent plants distance. The findings showed that habitat segregation between waterfowls were mostly under effect of habitat variables of vegetation height, floating leaves absence and presence and volume of open water (without vegetation) and variables of water depth (because of being the same depth and not up and down) and transparency of water had less effect in spatial niche segregation nest. Results of this study stressed conservation from diversity of structure of aquatic habitats for support from extensive group from aquatic species in different microhabitat without appearing competition and result caused by it that it could result in attraction of so many wintering species to wetlands in north of Iran and their desirable wintering in this habitats.

In this study, the aquatic and semi aquatic of Dez River were studied during 2010-2011. In this area 68 species belonging to 43 genera and 28 families were identified. Phragmites australis and Juncus effusus were the most dominant marginal species that constituted vast populations in the waters of this area. Polygonum cespitosum was the most frequent emersed species in the area. Potamogeton spp. the most dominant submersed species of this region. According to results, families of Juncaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Polygonaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae, were the largest families, respectively. The most of plants chorotype with 42% is related to Irano –Turanian. Studying of plants life forms by Raunkiaar method showed that hydrophyte and Trophyte with 17 percent of species are the most frequent life forms.