JOURNAL OF WETLAND ECOBIOLOGY
Year:2014 | Volume:5 | Issue:18|Papers Count:14

According to the importance of ecological conditions of Shirinsoo Wetland for resident birds, especially non breeding migratory species a few studies have been conducted in this area in the Iran, in this study we review the role and value of ecosystem and compare the ecological parameters of wetland with Birdlife International criteria for feasibility to introduced this habitat in the IBAs during 2008-2009. For this purpose, study area was visited every 15 days and at each visit for identify and census of bird species using direct observation method. Results show that the 116 bird species belong to 35 families live in Shirinsoo Wetland that among these, Falco cherrug, Neophronpercnopterus, Oxyuraleucocephala, Aythyanyroca, Coracias garrulous and Limosalimosa are categorized in the IUCN red list of threatened species. Therefore Shirinsoo Wetland can develop for the selection in the IBAs site due to species of global conservation concern (A1) and regionally important congregations (B1) criteria.

Riverine habitats, perhaps one of the best habitats for different species of birds, especially ducks like mallards. Soassessment of the suitabilityindices of riverine habitats for wildlife species biodiversity is important. The Zayanderood river was a safewinter habitat for Mallard (Anasplatyrhynchos) witch droughts have made irreversible effects on this habitat suitability. This study was carried out between 88 to 89. The study area was upstream region of the river from the Nazhvanbridge to 33POL bridge. Each indicator is calculated using HEP and the total utility of reef geometric mean was calculated. The results showed that the total utility of the numerical equivalent of 48.0 indicatingthe serious threats in this region. Due to the drought caused the river, in order to keep the tensions in the regionnecessary actionsshould be taken and finally recommendations forimprovement the habitat must be used.

Three anesthetic agents; MS222, Eugenol and 2-Phenoxyethanol are the most drugs used in fish anesthesia but their effects on physiological and immunological parameters less investigated. In present study that performed in 2012 in Shahid Chamran University, 400 common carp weghining around 100 g were collected. The effective concentration of each anesthetics were evaluated first. Then the effects of anesthesia with MS222, Clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) and 2-Phenoxyethanol on some immune parameters of Cyprinuscarpio were investigated. Firstly, the effective doses of each anesthetic were calculated in Cyprinuscarpio. Fish were anaesthetized with the effective dose of each anesthetic and blood samples were taken at 0, 1, 12, 24 and 72 hours after anesthesia. Immunological parameters including: serum Lysozyme and antibacterial activity, complement activity, Nitrobluetetrazolium activity (NBT) as well as total serum immunoglobulin and protein were compared among the groups. Results showed that proper anesthetic dose of MS222, Clove oil and Phenoxyethanol in Cyprinuscarpiowere 100, 125 and 400 mg l-1 respectively. Serum lysozyme activity of fish anaesthetized with three anesthetics in different sampling periods showed no significant difference (P>0.05). Although serum bactericidal activity of fish anaesthetized with Phenoxinyethanol at 24 and 72 hours after anesthesia were significantly lower than control groups, bactericidal activity of other treatments showed no significant difference (P>0.05). Other immunological parameters including NBT and complement activity as well as total immunoglobulin and protein didn’t affected by anesthesia with these three Anesthetics (P>0.05). Results showedit could conclude that although anesthesia with MS222 and Clove oil were no adverse effects on immunological parameters of Cyprinuscarpio, Phenoxyethanole cause light immunesuppression in Cyprinuscarpio. So Phenoxyethanole isn’t recommendable for anesthesia in immunological research in Cyprinuscarpio.

Detergents are of the major pollutants of aquatic biological resource and environment. This investigation study the effects of anionic detergent on the blood factors of 120 farmed yearling SHAPE sturgeon, with an average weight of 2.5±6.31 gr during short-term exposure at concentrations of 0, 5, 10 and 15 mgr in 12 aquarium of 100 liter. This study was done in spring of 1391 at the International Sturgeon Research Institute of doctor Dadman. To determine the percentage of leukocytes, RBC, WBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit, 2 Ml of blood from fish tail vein was taken at hours of 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 for review the effect of exposure time. The results showed that the blood parameters of Hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes increased with increasing detergent concentration and exposure time from 24 hours to 96 hours, but the in white blood cells and lymphocytes significantly decreased. Results showed significant difference between treatment and control (P<0.05).Therefore, to deal with fish blood contaminants are introduced into their environment changes. With increasing detergent concentration, the fish exposed to contaminants and decline of dissolved oxygen of water, fish more activity and oxygen deficiency in the blood occurs increasing of hemoglobin and decrease in safety. There for the factors of Fish blood to deal with pollutants witch introduced into their environment will change.

By increasingthe industrial activities during recent years and organic and inorganic pollutants including heavy metals to environment, especially in the aquatic ecosystems the problems that threaten human health are increasing. Aquatic plants that link of food chain have important role in the uptake of heavy metals. In this study, to determine the heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn concentration) and role of mangrove (Avicennia marina) in the accumulation of elements, samples collected randomly from sediments and plant tissues in three stations in Bardestan. Then, Metals concentration was measured by atomic absorption after acid digestion. The ammount of cadmium, lead, copper, nickel and zinc in the sediments was 4.5, 11.55, 10.30, 81.45 and 41.48 µg/g, respectively. The amount of these elements in plant roots was 2.89, 9.38, 6.17, 5.32 and 23.33 and in the sheet being 2.26, 8.78, 4.42, 2.39 and 15.37 respectively. In general, the accumulation of metals in sediments and mangroves tissues showed that increasing the amount of these elements in sediments can also increased concentration of metals in plant tissues, so, A.marina can be an indicator for heavy metals. In addition, this plant can indicate the amount of metals bioavailability and environmental hazards.

During 2011-2012, sampling of benthos and sediment of Dez River was done in 5 selected stations during two seasons of sampling, winter and summer. Samples were taken with four replicates using Peterson grab and Surber with cross-sectional area of 225 cm2. Three replications for detection and enumeration of Macrobenthos, and one replication for sediment aggregation and organic matters content were used. Physical method of burning in an electric furnace was used for measuring organic materials. To analyze sediment size, the screen series method was used. Physicochemical parameters of water were measured. During the two seasons of sampling, a total of 18 species of Macrobenthos identified which belong to 5 animal orders. Among the most common orders identified was related to the Oligochaeta with 80% abundance and then gastropods with 14.5%. At all stations except at station 4, Oligochaeta was dominant. BMWP index of water quality classified the river in two categories. Duringthe study period, stations 2 and 3 were poor and station 1 and 5 were very poor. Also based on the average score per taxon (ASPT), stations 1, 2, 3 and 5 were classified as high-probable contaminated and due to the absence of any animal species at the Station 4, this Station is introduced as Azoic.

Wetlands are one of the most important ecosystems on the Earth that are a source of water supply and valuable habitat for plant and animals. This subject shows the necessity of these areas management. Hamoun wild life refuge is the biggest fresh water lake in Iran, which is viable for protection of wildlife, especially migratory birds, which has passed periods of drought between 1998 and 2008. In this study, in order to ecological zoning of Hamoun wildlife refuge, bird’s dependency to each part of the area studied by field studies. Land cover map was prepared using LANDSAT satellite TM data 2008. Land cover map was prepared in 5 classes. Wildlife use from any part of the study area and biological value investigated by field studies and attention to land cover effect on each other. Each cover class was ranked by attention to layers ecological importance. The map of Hamoun wild life refuge ecological importance was produced in 7 classes using several GIS techniques. First class has highest habitat value and final class has lowest protection value. The results showed that in the time of study, bar land which was 7th, habitat suitability class, was vastest class and then water body which was 3th habitat suitability class, had second area.

Heavy metalsdueto accumulation, bioaccumulation and hight toxicity are main contribution of concern in aquatic ecosystems. Wetland birdsbe cause of their position in the top of food chain can be an indicator of level of metals in their environment. In this investigation30 mallard (15 male and 15 female) were collected fromSoutheast of Caspian Sea. The concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), zink (Zn) and iron (Fe) in the liver, kidney and pectoral muscle of mallards were determined by atomic absorption Spectrophotometer method. Liver and kidney showedthe highest bioaccumulation of metals. The distribution pattern of Pb, Cd, and Cr respectively was kidney>liver>muscle, while Zn and Fe respectively was liver>kidney>muscle in mallard. Mean concentrations in the liver, muscle and kidney follows the sequence: Fe>Zn>Pb>Cd>Cr; Fe>Zn>Pb>Cr>Cd, respectively. Females possessed significantly higher Fe in the liver than males (p<0.05). Estimated daily intake (EDI) and estimated weekly intake (EWI) due to consumption of mallards indicated safe levels for the human consumption. THQ for all metalswere less than one. In general, human activities in surrounding areas of this region and Influence of wastewaters can be main source of metal pollution in the studied area. The results of this investigation can be usedfor monitoring of southeastern Caspian Sea.