POLITICAL STUDIES OF ISLAMIC WORLD
Year:2018 | Volume:6 | Issue:4 (24)|Papers Count:7

The Discourse Theory, introduced by Ernst Laclau and Shintal Mouffe, provides the researchers with an effective tool for analysis of the interactionsbetween actors in the field of politics. From the perspective of these researchers, discourses are the lonely way the human could use for recognition of the world. Following the seeking to answer the main question of "The main militarysecurityapproaches in the Islamic world could be explained or recognizedbetter by which theory? " this study suggests the hypothesis that "by usingLaclau and Mouffe's Discourse Analysis Theory, it is possible to understand theeither main military-security approaches in the Islamic world or the evolution ofthese approaches". To do this, in addition to studying the theoretical foundationsof the formation of Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis theory, the securitymilitarydiscourse of the Islamic Republic in the Islamic world in the early 1990is explained, by focusing on the “ Otherness-maker‟ relationship of suchdiscourse with the hegemons military-security discourse in the Islamic world, that is the military-security discourse established by the United States. Then, the"evaluation" of the military-security discourses of the Islamic Republic and theUnited States after formation (or more precisely, strengthening) of the "Salafi-Takfiri" security-military discourse in 2001 in the Islamic world has beendiscussed.

A street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire in protest after apolice officer seized his cart and products. This embarked a set of social Unrestand demonstrations across Tunisia and the events rapidly exceeded Tunisia tomany other Arab Countries. Now, more than six years after the start of uprisingsin Arab States, Tunisia is almost the only country that emerged as a democraticstate. The country witnessed a more or less gradual democratic process oftransitional and legally elected governments after 2011 developments. Yet, debates remain about Women’ s role and status in the Tunisian society. Thearticle thus, tries to examine the possible relationship between two sociopoliticalfactors; 2011 uprising in Tunisia and its consequent developments asan independent factor and Tunisian women’ s socio-political status as thedependent factor. In this regard, Michel Foucault's approach to power waschosen as a theoretical framework of the survey. The research results rejectradical changes in women’ s social status after 2011 developments in Tunisia.

Aligned with aggression, extremism displays a unique paradigm of politicalbehavior in the international system which is unique in its kind. The use of thisparadigm helps extremists cause change through the spread of horror and affecttheir audiences to promote their own political motivations. The targetpopulation of the extremist groups involves political leaders, mangers, military, economic activists and the public in the crowded centers. The tendency towardsextremist attitudes and the use of naked violence has increased in differentsocieties in the recent decade, the phenomenon that prior to this was consideredspecific to underdeveloped and third world countries is increasing in developedcountries and radical groups easily add to their members. So the present articleis seeking to answer this question: what are the internal reasons and grounds forthe formation of extremism? The answer to this question involves differentfactors such as long-term social and political conflicts, poverty, unemployment, lack of education, ideological dictations, coercion, experience of politicalviolence by the government or supported groups and group punishment policythat lead to the creation of groups such as Army of God in the US, Kach andKahane Chai in Israel, and Aleph in Japan. The aim is to recognize these factorsso that proper courses of action can be taken to fight against the roots andfoundations of extremism and create a world free from violence.

The Islamic awakening is the basis for the reemergence of Islamic civilization. The traditional attitude of Sunni jurisprudence regarding to legitimacy ofgovernor is the awakening obstacles. From this perspective, the governor willbe legitimate by consensus of agreements or substituting the prior governor orby superiority or dominating, then it is obligatory to follow & obey him even ifhe`ll be immoral & unfaithful. Fiqh Al-waqi (jurisprudence of reality) as anemerging phenomenon in the field of Islamic sciences of Sunni which is obligedJurist to infer rulings by considering current facts & science, brought seriouscriticism to this attitude about legitimacy of governor. Current Jurists considerthe necessity of indisputable obedience to governors in contrast to democracy &along political despotism. They believe that the jurisprudence texts in thisregard, are inadequate & interpretable & it is necessary to modify it based onfindings of political scientists & realities of contemporary times. This article, after reviewing the traditional Sunni approaches to legitimacy of governor, isregarding to the essence of jurisprudence of reality & its impact on amendingthis attitude & eventually its role in the awakening of Muslim youth.

Human rights and citizen Rights are both derived from natural and inherentrights of all people and historically have been uniquely addressed among thevarious world thinkers. However until the end of the Second World War theidea of human rights did not find a place in a wider arena of thought. Althoughwith the declaration of human rights in 1948 and owing to other relatedconventions, human rights became world-wide phenomena and manygovernments in the Middle East still have not accepted all its clauses. Thesegovernments having stated that some aspects of the world human right laws areat odds with the Koranic teachings balk at carrying out their duties with respectto human and citizen rights. Citizen’ s rights are those class of people’ s rightswhich are given as national rights according to the constitution of relevantcountries and as such cover only the citizens of the relevant nations. Thepassage of the constitution of the I. R. Iran encompassing sections 19, 23, 24, 26, 32, 47. . . which had contained the equal rights and citizen’ s rights had generatedgreat hope that the people of Iran will again after much time regain their humanrights and citizen’ s rights. The manner that these rights are accepted and aremade to coexist with the Sharia and the way the populace of the nations in theMiddle East are taught and informed on their quest for human rights andcitizen’ s rights are among the most noteworthy guides of their governments incarrying out its relevant duties.

Frequent application of the term “ proxy war” indicates its prominent place in academic researches on international relations. Separate implementation of soft power and hard power proved to be unsuccessful in recent years. Accordingly, great failures in classic wars increased tendencies towards proxy wars. By the outbreak of Arab Springs in the early 2011, Syria was devastated by different opposition groups and driven into terrible violence. Obama administration, refraining from the bitter experience of Bush in Iraq and Afghanistan, avoided direct intervention and managed to afford for the largest logistic support for rebel groups in Syria. The United States this time, tried to realize its policies in Syria by means of proxy war. The research, aims at analyzing the reasons for applying proxy war in the US policy in Syria in a general framework of Offensive realism. As a hypothesis, it seems that the new approaches towards proxy war can generally be interpreted according to the brother concept and the logics of smart power.

Thomas Pynchon, Don DeLillo, Jack Martin, and William Gibsonrepresentatively demonstrate the transformation of phases of hyper-reality, termed by the French philosopher Jean Baudrillard, in the last decades ofAmerican literature, lifestyle, and politics controlled by mass media. Accordingto Baudrillard, American values are hyper-real. The present research aims acritical inspection of the objectives of these novelists and its repercussion onIslamic World and its political life. It also tends to discern how the media from1960's up to the present time – from printed media means such as postal letters(1960's) to tele-visualized life (1980's), and subsequently to cyberspace andvirtual reality at present time – have contributed to the propagation of hyperrealityin Islamic World. Being incapable to distinguish reality from simulacra, people take simulation and trends of hyper-reality as real. Mirroring the cultureof the America at present, the literature of the period reflects the simulated lifeof characters, their illusionary, televisual, consumerized, and cyber-spaciouslives, of which the present paper duly compares with their counterparts inIslamic World. The media entertain, instruct, educate, and pervert us, ceaselessly. Among two examples discussed in this research include theemergence of the Telegram in Iran as a Western media and its effects on Iran’ scultural shaping which duly leads to political shaping; and the other one isdiscussing the issue of the Persian Gulf War especially according toBaudrillard's book The [Persian] Gulf War Did Not Take Place.