PAZHOHESH NAMEY-E TARIKH
Year:2009 | Volume:4 | Issue:13|Papers Count:9

During Sasanian sovereignty there were some nomadic people who liued in eastern neighborhood of Iran. Seeking for new land and place, those tribes migrated from deserts of central Asia and even from China to west. In their migration course , they encountered sasanian empire.Kushanian, Khiunies, Kidars, Hiatele, and Turles were the most important neighbors of Iran during different periods at the time of Sasanian sovereignty. when Moslem Arabs possessed Iran the relation between them and Iran broke off, although during the post-Islam some of these nations restored their crucial role. From the end of sasanian period, every tawny man appeared hereinafter in "Turu", and the word "Turu" was used for all tawny nations with a convergent common language have been regarded as "Turu". They include:1) Taghzghaz (To’uz-Aghuz), 2) Kherkhiz (kirghiz), 3) Kimau, 4) Ghaz (oghuz), Kharlakh (Gharagh-khalakh).

Before spreading Germany power in Europe, England was looking mainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached the peak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in to consideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918), England which had confronted the growing threats of Germany in the Persian Gulf, sought to put aside its old policy based upon competing with Russia in Iran.In the late 19th centuary England brought to end its different with France and signed "treaty 1907" with Russia. By signing this treaty, England policy in Iran was changed which was based on decreasing Russia influence and favouring the constitutional revolution changed and applied another policy in Iran together with Russia which led to bombarding the first parliament.

The oasis of khwarazm, having native rulers (called khwarazm shahs) and enjoying domestic independence, has always been politically a part of iran, but in begining 10th century, was dominated by arabshahids, a clan of descendant of juchi. They could so doing and founded khanate of khiva by emphasis on inheritance of them ancestor, nomadic force, deep-rooted of orthodox religion, to agree that religion theme with that belong to them. They, eventually, were being under protection to safawid state, that was try ing to hold territorial integrity of Iran. In begining 12th century, arabshaid rule were been declined, therefore ,numerous conditions and causes. Weakness of safawid state were prevented them to be activated in this event, and there after, were falled, too, in short time. Consequently, the political unity and domestic security of Iran ruined and so it raised competition for power among political leaders and military commandars from the four-corners of the country, up to, nadir shah could renewed political unity of country, after two decades.This article, after all, intends to not only have an eye  upon the politic upheavals of khwarazm, in interval period, but to examine the efforts of nadir shah, on renewing dominance of Iran on khwarazm and reactions of rulers of that area, on this matter, or in more precise wording, development and the quality of the relationship between rulers of that area and afsharid dynasty.

KHajeh Qavam-AL-Din Nezam-Al-Molk KHafi ,the son of Molana SHahab AL-Din Ismaeel, was one of Soltan Hussein Mirza Bayqara the timurid vizier who spend about thirty years of his life in financial and governmental affairs.his administerative activities bgan at the time of Abolghasem Babur Mirza the ggovernor of Heart (853-861 A.H), and after that he became one of the servants Sultan Abu Saeed Gurcani (855-873 A.H) he began his activity as a vizier in 855 a.m when Sultan Hussain Mirza came to the throne of Heart and until 903AH that was murdered by the order of Timurid Sultan, was one of the viziers of A,Ala Divan in Heart. His long Visarat cause political disputes and grounings in the Timurid governmental structure. Infact, his death was the result of political and religious disputes between Turks and Tgics. Sultan Hussein Mirza Bayghara coudent control the disorganized internalsitution. internal rebels and then Uzbek invades and their interference family disputes between Timurid princes worsened the situation. with the death of Sultan Hussein in 911 AH no competent successor was left in Timurid family to prevent the fall of Heart to Uzbaks in 913 AM.

This paper effort is, contrary to Common attitude, as much as possible, about «the system «social and economic» with «state system» during Buyid dynasty and their effects on each other, to be examine. Considering this approach, this research is try to depose the Sunni Caliph reasons by Shia Buyid  rulers religion, the answer is given. Main hypothesis of this article is to explain main reason dichotomy the institution of monarchy and Caliphate from each other, was the effects and capabilities of «the system social and economic». Before there Buyid era and they obey it in. This study, incentives and policy and political opportunism, and lie down politics Buyid rulers can be ignored and explains that preservation Khalifa, capabilities «system social and economic» prevailing in society era Abbasid was. This situation since the «movement translation» was formed, that the dichotomy heavenly and the worldly institutions provide and already Buyid dynasty were it continuity appliance.

To justify and legitimize their power the muselem monarchy paid special atteintion to Islamic Rituals inclueling Haj cermoney. They normally appointed the Amir Al-Haj and try to secur the roads for plegramigos carvan. Invasion of Iran and muslem territories by Mongols and the collapse of Kharazmshahy and Abassid caliphate caused rise of Ilkhand dynasty over those Islamic territories. Taking into account that Ilkhanids were not faithfull to Islam, accordingly if was expected that they do not follow the previous policy in supportiy Haj cermoney, but in contrast they did and entered in a competition with Mamalik of Egypt in this regard. However invation of Iran by Mongols at first stage change the situation for while, but soon after the establishment of Ilkhands dynasty and they by help Iranian bureaucrats the Haj cermony was supported by Ilkhanids and they showed more tolerance toward Islamic rituals. In this paper it has tried to examine the Haj cermoney during the Ilkhanids and illustrate that why supported such kind of rituals in this period.

One of the important development in the second middle of 7s/13s century is the stablishment of Ilkhanid government within the Iran political boundaries. Boundary challenges, millitary-political disputes with western neighbour, Mamluks of Egypt, were important aspect of this government. The role of refugess and immigrants groups, especially individuals and groups who escaped from Ilkhanid government and refuge to Mamluks of Egypt, lead to enemity between Ilkhans and Mamluks. The refugess and immigrants groups, in arabic sources are called Wafidiyya and musta'minun. This paper is going to answer to this question that why and how these immigrants refuged to Mamluks of Egypt and why they rebelled aginst the Ilkanids. In this research based of available sources and by using historical research method and analyzing those & evidence to examine those development and how the immigration of those people to Egypt caused the eneminty and difference between Ilkhanid and mamaluk.

During his coronation cermoney and political life in different occasions such as advice on affairs of the country, war strategies and foreign diplomacy, in various communities and circles among commons or nobeles on for his army. Nader Shah gave lots of speeches and lectures considerable part of these lectures can be found among historical writings in this period, such as Tarikh-e Jehangoshay Naderi and Alam Aray Naderi.These lectures from historical the point of view has valuable political and social information to evaluate domestic and foreign policy of Nader in particular, his psychiatrist character. By citing part of those speechs and using historical methodology to examine the content of those speechs.