GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL OF CHASHMANDAZ-E-ZAGROS
Year:2011 | Volume:2 | Issue:6|Papers Count:12

One of the most important contemporary urbanization process in iran, is rapid Formation and expansion of its population and metropolises framework. In this paper, affecting formation and growth and development in metropolitan phenomenon Factors has been analyzed. Methodology of This study is based on library and documentary studies. the results indicate this fact that the growth of large cities is Retrieved from variety of factors over the past 60 years, cause population and framework level of the city  are Increased. Among this factors, Natural growth of general population factor and Urban population of the country and And massive rural-urban migration have been Most roles. Besides these two factors, some factors like Extreme centralization of political-economic in Iran society, and Industrial development, And development of infrastructure facilities and services in major cities, has led to the growth of metropolitan Phenomenon.

In recent years  Due to urban sprawl And areas development with single application figure and Imbalance between transport investment  and Land use pattern Followed by Unnecessary trips in town, Daily increasing in traffic, Air Pollution, Have witnessed Long trips and Indiscriminate use of resources. Also with expand subway stations in Tehran and Karaj we face false dilemma jobs around this stations. In recent decades One of the proposed methods in developed countries is urban structure design based on rapid transit lines, Transit-oriented development(TOT). In this way, the structure of urban areas that are in the vicinity of urban rapid transit lines designed so that improve different transportation criteria.

The writing purpose of this article is urban population distribution evaluation and cities number distribution at the urban levels in one zone. By using of entropy coefficient model has been tried to understand the balance rate of population sett lement and cities number at the urban, district, town ship system levels of lorestan. So dwelling and population general censuses results of in 1385, 1375, 1365 have been  used to define changes and alterations of state dealing with space structure for 30 years past. This study shows that there is unbalance trend to movement urban levels at space structur There is less movement to unbalance at town ship levels compare to the urban levels. states have trend to the space organization balance at the national level.

Underground water Resources constitute of in about 6% of the Earth's water . About 60% of potable water in most cities is supplied from groundwater resources. underground water Resources also provide more than 80%of drinking water of Gorgan's city growing and populous.so It is not only the quantity of underground water but the quality of these Resources is important. With increasing population growth and urban activity, Industrial and agricultural, underground water Are at risk of pollution. The objectives of this study are to determine the spatial distribution of water quality parameters(nitrite and phosphate) And Gorgan's underground water quality in terms of these two parameters by using the results of obtained map by geostatistical method of kriging. According to available statistics, Sewer services facility of gorgan in 1385,provided Qualitative analysis of 21 wells from 24 wells in the East region of Gorgan. In this study, available qualitative analysis, was performed on Kriging basis. In this study, used kriging method that  is optimal interpolation method for Spatial distribution of underground water quality parameters. results indicate that phosphate levels in the study area increased from south to north, Whereas amount of nitrite in the northeast and southwest of the study area is higher than other areas.

Planning in the context of postmodernist thought IS AReciprocal reaction under of Modernism Enlightenment and rationalism And in particular face: Charter of Athens to Something close a half century, were affected Urban environment and human life. In fact, protest to City and the human-machine, Standardized Performance, Without the quality and diversity of urban spaces of modernity and apparent ineffectiveness of these theories, since Seventies of the twentieth centuryleading intellectual pluralismin the field of Urbanization and urban planning that has been identified as Postmodernism. however nowadays Urbanization is also talk of the post-modern But still The ideas of Postmodernism are Affected by Seeking Diversity, Pluralism, and Individualism Guides World Urban ization Flow In contrast to the rigid approach of urban modernism. this paper with Descriptive-analytical approachis intendedwith Describing intellectual characteristics of modernist and post-modernist, Find the root causes of Begin postmodernity in planning at first and thenidentify and evaluate a distinguishing features of this Flow intellectual type in planning.

Given the importance of urbanization and its subsequentcreation of Metropolises as complex systems, Future research will have a significant role in their fate. This paper attempts to provide a definition of concept of futures research, to explore its relationship with metropolises. In This regard, the analytical-descriptive method is used. Results show considerable importance of future research for metropolises. Eventually, due to lack of experience in our country in this topic, we Forced to use the experiences of countries that are leading in this field.

When the “car” as a symbol of modernism made its entry on the urban scenes of Iran, the first laws and projects were set up to facilitate its entry. Entrance of car in such fabric destroyed many values: safety, intimacy, peace, culture of each district as well as architectural and historical values, harmony with the territory and much other things. Our related officials continued to reproduce and recopy the western models without preliminary studies for rebuilding of the cities in Iran and without holding account that the “position” and the “subject” of plans in European cities differed from those of Iranian cities. Then it was decided to create detailed and master plans. The plans which were set up in Iran with two decades of shift compared to their western models followed their ordinary course until the revolution of 1979. Consequently their name changed but their contents remained intact. Nowadays, all that relates to the questions of layout of the streets in old organic fabrics comes under the responsibility of the detailed plans. These plans were prepared without sufficient studies. They are not really detailed and are merely used to widen the routes and the avenues in order to facilitate using the car. Widenings were carried out without taking account of fabric, of the characteristics and the existing values and result in destruction and retreat of the axes of the passages. This existing plans only contain the situation of the ways on which are imposed the broad and geometrical avenues. The concept of the detailed plan or the urban plan is erroneous and incompatible with fabrics having a historical and old values. Nowadays, historical spaces and the old routes are not accessible any more by cars where passages for pedestrians and a number of public transport facilities and bikeways appear to be augmented. One does not destroy these spaces any more, to make passages for cars and they even try to compensate the errors made in the past. The result: the current plans and regulations intervening in the layout of the streets and olden urban fabrics are in a criticizable situation. Passed for the certain time, saying true, this system failed. To solve this problem it is necessary to take account of two essential aspects. It is important to carry out changes in the regulations, the programs and the plans concerning, while keeping a new glance in order to create specific plans thus revising the regulations for preparing and executing the plans, because the procedure of preparation and execution of such plans differs with which now exists and requires a new definition.

The weather of Tehran metropolitan has been polluted more than past, This pollution has led to many financial and soul damages. Thus city management in order to remove this important anxiety thus far accomplished different efforts and procedures, understanding is strategy base and strategy pave the way for procedures and accomplished efforts in Tehran are not based on effective understanding, and weather pollution of Tehran increase prove this subject. Thus this project because of subject importance by using analysis- application method based on librarian and documental studies by means of present understanding in general plan of weather pollution decrease, environment conservation organization, fourth plan of development, company of weather quality control, comprehensive plan of transportation and traffic of Tehran and organizations relevant to Tehran traffic and transportation in order to evaluating dominant understanding in relation to weather pollution control as diffusion standard were investigated. According to research results, diffusion standard understanding in organizations that are administers of weather pollution. Mean while the organizations that are administrator of Tehran traffic and transportation, consider weather pollution as a result of traffic and transportation as a subordinate subject and do not has any clear perception in weather pollution control field of Tehran. Finally according to research findings we present different procedures.

The atmosphere of villages provides a space for the villagers to spend their life there and to feel a sense of belonging. It must let the villagers appreciate the situation and enjoy welfare pursuant to the appropriate facilities and equipments given to them. The spaces among residential buildings and other nonresidential constructions require complementary elements to better provide the villagers; there must exist equipments which like pieces of furniture help residents live and spend their free time in the areas surrounded by stone, concrete and glass. These components manage the flow, equilibrium, recreation and anxiety in the village and rehabilitate the arena. Rural apparatus, equipments, decorations, park facilities and open areas are the common terms pertaining to facilities and utilities that help optimal use of the spaces created. The present research investigates the necessity of providing villages with decoration, its design and adaption.