JOURNAL OF THE STUDIES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING (JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL LANDSCAPE)
Year:2010 | Volume:5 | Issue:11|Papers Count:9

Wind element is one of the main factors in climate of a region that plays determining role in different plans for urban, rural, industrial positioning and architecture, agricultural, industrial, climate, etc. Regarding the changes in the Rasht region, it is particularly important. In this research, wind changes trend is considered on the periods 33 years (1977-2009). This data is obtained from annual and monthly reports of Guilan meteorological head office by the use of Excel software. Statistical test is used for data analysis. Mann-Kendall test is used to analyze wind mean speed and to observe Wind speed changes trend. The result obtained showed that annual mean of wind speed in Rasht represent change in these trends. The result showed that the Wind mean speed followed significantly decreasing trend. The time of occurrence and kind of change were seen abruptly increasing and decreasing, in different months of year.

Making predictive maps of susceptible mass movement has been important for geologists and geo-morphologists. The present research aims at recognizing effective factors that result in landslide and determining the regions having the potential of landslide in the Sira basin by the use of Fuzzy model. In doing so, utilizing the results of the previous studies by providing their maps, the most important factor affecting mass movements were first determined and the qualities especial to each factor were recognized. Then, by analyzing satellite images and aerial photos with the scale of 1: 50000 for the year of 1957 and 2003 and by conducting field operation through using GPS, the map of landslide movement was created. At the next stage, the map of zoning the hazards of mass movements (land slide) with fuzzy model was made.Results of this study show that most landslide movements happened in this basin, Sazand of Karaj, have been at the height of between 2700 to 3200 meters with a slope of 20-45 degree.

This research is carried out in order monitoring the drought and investigation of this phenomenon. It has been accomplished in the Guilan province. The data which we needed for this purpose has been taken from Regional Water Organization of Guilan province and a duration of 30 years (water year of 1357 up to shahrivar 1387 [solar year)) has been investigated. In this research the standardized precipitation index (SPI) of rainfall has been used for analyzing of the rainfall data. Due to the high capability of this method in monitoring the drought and analyzing of intensity, duration, frequency and involved extend results showed that the drought taking place alternatively and with fairly regular cycles in the region. The frequencies of drought in the humid and dry stations are different and frequency of the drought in the middle and intense intensities is more than humid stations. Relations of duration-frequency show a reversed correlation between two characteristics of drought and follows from a logarithmic function. Correlation of SPI in 19 studied stations showed simultaneity of drought in the neighboring stations in which by increasing the distance, its amount decreases. Moreover, Non-simultaneity of drought between dry and humid regional stations is obvious from its very low correlation. In addition place-time pattern of drought after monitoring shows continuous and discontinuous forms of droughts in the studied region which create critical conditions for natural and human resources.

Sefidrood Valley, running down to the south of the Caspian Sea, plays an important role in transferring and directing humidity towards the Guilan plain. There are many settlements formed densely in this vast land due to its favorable natural conditions. Rasht, being the largest city in the southern part of the Caspian Sea and one of these settlements, with an elevation of 20m from the sea level and a population well over 500.000, is situated in 37o, northern latitude, 23km to the coast. Rasht is one of the wettest places in Iran, the annual average rain fall of which as recorded by the synoptic station there, reaches 1350mm with the rainy days numbering to 130 days of which 7 days are snowy between Decembers to March. So it is quite unlikely to have heavy snowfall ill Rasht, but should it happen, it would make dramatic effect. In February 1959, for example, there was a heavy snow, over one meter in height, falling for a few consecutive days in Rasht. In the winter of 1971, a heavy snow covered most areas of the Guilan plain, the height of which had been reported 1.5m. The latest heavy snow fell in a period of seven days from Feb 7 - 10, 2004, with a height of 1.6m, equal to 380mm rainfall. The aftermath ofiliat snowfall were sever damages occurred to the urban utilities and installations: water filtration station; city water pipeline system; city gas system; power and telecommunication pylons; snowbound of urban and rural roads, and falling of city affairs into disarray for two long weeks. The snowpack was high in the first 45hrs of falling, the weight of which was reported to amount 28 million tons. This great mass of snow made many residential and trade buildings' roofs (1100 cases of complete ruin) collapse and left ten people killed. The snow melting and as a result of which, the torrent running in the city in the days after together with the great bulk of snow piled in shade made more problems due to high degree of snow albedo in the city. The studies showed that no proper consideration had been made to snowfall as a disaster in urban designing and architecture. Therefore, the necessary preventive measures, equipping the city with snow sweepers, legislating laws and regulations to govern engineering affairs in designing roof sloop and buildings' consolidation had not been taken.The present paper, while reviewing the climatic factors influencing snowfall and its probability in Rasht city, aimed at studying the relationship between the precipitation, urbanization and architecture, the technical considerations in urban construction, and roof loading. It is hoped that the results will prove fruitful in improving the regulations governing the urban and architectural designing through computing probable heavy snow weight per unit surface and introducing snowfall patterns.

The mountainous of Ecotourism is an important aspect in tourism. This phenomenon could keeping from natural environment and also has leisure with recognition of time and situation, could helping to planning ecotourism.For recognition of this phenomenon using meteorological data, such as temperature, Relative humidity, Sunshine hours and number of day shinning, Slope of topography and rate of water.The aim of this research, recognize of mountainous bioclimatic regions has been for ecotourism in Gilan and so its Research method by analyzing data and fieldwork and using of GIS software.Results of research have showed that April has most area of mountainous bioclimatic but August and September has lowest area of mountainous bioc1imatic.This research has written with aspects of mountainous bioclimatic ecotourism that could help to planning for ITMMZ (Integrated management of Mountainous Zone) until prevention from repeating cost.

Attempts to create welfare and promote life standard to reach better life are among the social objectives of human being in all times and places of living. To escape from difficulties and limitations of life in their habitats and to enjoy what is called welfare and prosperity, people migrate to other living places. In the process of population increase, villagers, the most deprived classes of society, migrate toward cities and other places to use welfare and livelihood facilities and to find job and adequate earnings. In this trend, villagers usually like to go toward places in which they can fulfill their cultural feelings and intuitions in addition to fulfilling their socio-economic needs and requirements. In other words, groups of relatives and siblings who are living in cities direct village dwellers to migrate to the same cities. This research which is analytic-descriptive, tries to study the effective factors of villagers' migration from Roustam2 district, one of regions of Rostam town, to other regions, and to analyze the role of tribal and cultural connections (migration network) of cities' attractions. Findings indicate tha.t different economic, social natural factors affect the villagers' migration. Around 80 percent of migratory villagers in this study mentioned economic factors such as finding job, making more income as the most important factors. Similarly, around 40 percent of villagers migrate to city of Masiri and cities in Kohkeleih va Baier Ahmad province which have solid tribal and cultural connections with target villages.

Ardabil is located in a cumulative plain in the Northwest of cold mountainous region of Iran. T1te fast destruction of asphalts in the streets of Ardabil is one of the important problems of the city. In addition to the technical problems of asphalt, the most important reasons of destruction are mostly related to paving, infrastructure uuncoordinated digging, tissue and structure features, water penetration from precipitation, and the process of Gelifration (ice and successive ice melting). Through field sampling form surface structure (soil from 5 points in 0.5to lmeter) and conducting soil physics experiments by Geranolmetric machine, their tissue was indentified.Geranolmetric findings indicated that the percent of fine structure of clay and slit is more than sand structure. Lab experiments also indicated that liquid limit and plasticity index of city infrastructure are high compared to fine structure. As a result, at the time water intake and frost, physical tension has an important role in asphalt destruction. These structures make special reactions against Gelifration and inundation, expansion and contraction tensions that result in the destruction of streets in Ardabil. At time of destructive earthquake, most talented structure undergo tixotrphy phenomenon. Finally, appropriate method are presented for lengthening the durability and solidarity of asphalts in the city of Ardabil.

While there is a lot of amount of raining in Guilan Province in comparison with the other provinces of the country but putting into operation of agricultural water in this province has always been encountered to some problems that in most cases this problem is appeared in the aspect of water shortage.It seems that in most cases, this problem raises from type of the management implemented on the province agricultural resources more than water shortage. By the view of the present problems, possibility-examine of management of agricultural water resources in watershed lands of Manjil Dam for overcoming on some problems, has been considered.In order to attain to the main object of this research, different conditions in the view of natural environment, infrastructures and social problems were studied and the following results were gained:Natural environment and specially topography with consideration to this point that this land is plain, it does not produce a special limitation and only sometimes a very low slope and in some cases, zero slope, causes problem for water transmission.Social conditions for management of water resources has relatively been distinguished suitable, in such a way that in 71% of cases, it has been confirmed on cooperation sense of people on partnership affairs.In the current conditions, infrastructure is not suitable for making successful operation of human management of water resources and it is necessary that the equipments related to water transmission and measurement must be completed.Research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and for gaining the required information, in addition to documentary studies, field-researches have been fulfilled. Selection of samples has been coincidental in quota aspect.

Lahijan pool is located in eastern part of city, at the foot of Sheitankooh (Sheikhankooh). The lands around it are studied in this research. The pool has absorbed the physical development of Lahijan by the help of topography of lands around and the slope and by utilizing the cultural and historical background of the city. The diameter of the effects has radiated the neighboring environment.In addition to body, md skeleton of the environment, this effect has penetrated into the social layers of the city. This has created a unique space that has impacted the old pattern of the city, price of land, ecologic separation, business, and residential mass piling of area, lack of government educational and medical services, etc.The researchers try to clearly show the above-mentioned effects through GIS software and interviewing the residents and study strategies for spatial improvement of the city. Having the studies and field work done it became clear that the price of land reduces from four sides of the pool. Although different factors have affected this reduction, the pool has had stronger and more determining effects compared to all other factors. This has put the pool in the center of street networking and it rectifies the physical and social consequences mentioned above. Finally, suggestions like revival of the old tissue of the city, creation of new attractions in different parts of the city, etc are presented to balance spatial urban of Lahijan and stop the process of being two poles of the city.