Year:2003 | Volume:16 | Issue:(60 IN AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE)|Papers Count:19

The moisture content of urban soild wastes in Iran is very high. A large volume of Leacahate is, therefore, produced in the process of converting these wastes into compost. The leach ate contains relatively large amounts of organic matter, plant nutrients, soluble salts as well as small amounts of some heavy metals. The effects of urban solid waste leach ate on growth and yield of corn and heavy metals and nutrients concentrations in plant as well as the effects of leach ate residual on soil were studied in field trial conducted in one site (Zeinal) in central Iran (Isfahan). The treatments included applications of 0, 400 and 800 metric tons of leachatelha as the main plots and two leaching treatments (0 and 15 cm water height)as the sub-plots in a split plot design. Application of the leach ate decreased crust formation and greatly improved germination and growth of corn. Biological yield of corn increased from 6.8 to 11.4and 8.9 tonslha for 400 and 800 tons/ha of leachate applications (as compared to the control field ),respectively. Leaching increased corn yield. Uptakes of N , P , K , Fe , Mn , Zn and Cu by corn increased as a result of leachate application. Concentrations of Fe , Mo , Zn , Cu and Cr in plant tissues also increased but no toxic symptoms were observed in plants. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Co , and Ni in aerial tissues of corn did not increase as a result of leachate application .The residual effects of leachate application on soil were a decrease in pH and corresponding increases in organic matter content, in electrical conductivity and in available amounts of N,P,K, Fe ,Mn , Zn , and Cu. It is concluded that compost leachate has the potential to be used as an organic liquid fertilizer and soil amendment to improve soil productivity at least for a limited period of time.

rye was evaluated at the research center of Karaj during 2002. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 24 treatments and 4 replications. The competition design was bivariate factorial. The treatments included the pure stands of wheat at four densities 350, 450, 550 and 650 plant/m2 and volunteer rye at 10, 30, 50 and 70 plant/m2and mixed stands of two plants at complete factorial densities. In this experiment, the competitive ability of wheat (cv.Mahdavi) was investigated against volunteer rye, using reciprocal yield model. The effects of rye densities on yield and yield components of ovinter wheat were evaluated. Results indicated that, rye was a stronger competitor compared to wheat. Biologic and economic yields of wheat were mainly affected by inter-specific competition. Economic yield was more affected compared to biologic yield by rye densities. Evaluation of competitive ability, using regression coefficient showed that the effect of each rye plant on reciprocal grain yield of wheat one-plant was equivalent to 2 plants of wheat. In other words, each 0.5 plants of rye had an equivalent effect of one wheat on reciprocal economic yield of wheat one-plant. Rye densities reduced the seed per spike, spike weight, grain yield and biomass of wheat, and didnnot have significant effect on thousand kernel weight. The density 550 plant/m2 of wheat had most dry matter accumulation and grain yield in contrast with other densities.

Haloxylons play important role in desertification biological combatment. Withering of old manmade Haloxylons caused worriment and rejuvenating of old plants showed to be necessity since last years. In this study the effect of several pruning methods on growing and freshness of old Haloxylon aphyllum were investigated in Yazd province (1995). Population of Caillarida inedita and Achrus taghizadahi and Proceratia cascarilla were studied since 1997. Split-plot with main treatments including normal (240/hec) and ad usted (120/hec) and sub treatments as prune high including surface cutting, 35cm, 70cm and control (nopruning). Every treatment contained 10Haloxylon aphyllum that 3 of them were selected accidentally and samples were taken from different sides. This study showed the effect of density were not significant and pruning treatments influenced number of C.inedita and A. taghizadahi significantly(p<0.05). In most cases the number of C.inedita and A. taghizadahi in surface cutting was more than the others. Whereas the number of P.caesariella in different treatments did not have significant difference.

Specific leaf area, plant height and number of green and yellow leaf in each plant are some of the most important morphological characteristics that show plant growth. Different management such as plant densities and nitrogen levels affect these characteristics. A split plot experiment within randomized completely block design with three replications was used in April 2001 and it was located in about 2500 meter square land in Sugar beet Research station in Kamal Abad, Karaj. The main plots were sugar beet plant densities (Dl=80000, D2=100000, D3=120000 p/ha) and subplots were nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (N0=100, Nl=200, N2=300 kg N/ha). The plots were sampled 11 times during growing season and leaf area, total shoot biomass, plant height, number of green and yellow leaves and sugar and root yield were measured. SlA had descending pattern in growth period and it was amount 8-10.5 meter square per kilogram in different treatment. Effects of plant densities was significant on sugar content and sugar purity at a= 0.05 and the most white sugar content with 99 percent confidence was related to 80000 plant in each hectare. A significant effect of nitrogen was observed on plant height, root potassium (a= 0.05) and sugar beet root sodium (a=0.01). Shoot height and root sodium was increased at the most nitrogen level and increasing soil nitrogen decreased root potassium.

consistency in people’s food consumption, wheat has got an important effect on economic indices of our country. This system have got processing and organizing troubles from the stages of wheat planting up to bread consumption. Lack of unified policies is the main problem. Lack of a comprehensive approach to the whole system, has made the problem more difficult and offered solutions hard. This paper have tried to make known the system dimensions and its problems. The main concern has been focused on the missing elements: shortage of storage capacity and buffer stocks. The paper have pointed out the diseconomy costs of this deficiency which are %20 of the total government’s subsidy are paged to this system in 2001. With this amount of money the government can make storage capacity of 1.62 million tons (through building silos) per year. ln the last chapter, some solutions have been offered. The first step toward solving the problems is assigning a responsible entity for bread section. improving distribution policy and storage capacity as well as assigning a responsible entity for wheat, flour and bread are the essential requirement for a unified and organized processing and system.

Three spring cultivars of rapeseed (Global, PF and Option) were chosen as plant materials for this experiment. Donor plants were grown in a growth chamber at a day/night temperature of 15/10°C (16/8 hours). Microspores at late-uninucleate to eariy- bionucleate were isolated from buds 2.5-3.5 mm in length and cultured in modified Lichter medium (NLN-13) containing 13% sucrose. Cultures incubated at 30°C and darkness for 14 days, then transferred to shaker in the growth chamber at 25°C. Results showed that there were significant differences between cultivars at 1% level. The comparison of means showed that PF and Option, with 3412/25 and 3079/5 embryos were the best cultivars for embryogenesis respectively.

In order to study the response of Isabgol ( Plantago ovata ), seed germination, to different temperatures and determine the base temperature of germination, an experiment was conducted. In this experiment the effects of six temperatures as:4,5,7,10,15 and 20°C were studied on percentage of germination ,using a completely randomized design in four replications under controlled conditions of germinator. Base temperature of germination was determined using a linear regression equation between germination rate ( inverse of day’s numbers to 90 percent of germination), and temperature. Results showed that the base temperature of germination for Isabgol was 1.5°C and the optimum temperature of germination was in the range of 4-10°C. Increasing temperature from 10°C decreased the germination percentage.

Effects of drought and chlorocholine chloride as a growth regulator for net photosynthesis, stomata conductance, transpiration rate, relative water content percentage and chlorophy11 content as well as seedling length, root to shoot dry weight ratio and relative growth rate of two wheat cultivars (Zarrin and Sardari) seedlings were studied. Sardari is known as a drought tolerant cultivar. Seeds were soaked in 0.2 percent solution of CCC or distillated water as control, for 20-h. After dried in air, seeds were planted in plastic pots and placed in a growth champer. Two weeks seedlings were exposed to drought by withholding water. Control seedlings were irrigated, regularly until the end of experiment. Photosynthesis, stomata conductance, transpiration rate, chlorophyll and relative water content were reduced under water deficit, but relative water content of Zarrin in comparison to Sardari cultivar was more reduced under severe stress. The seedlings length were reduced with CCC in both cultivars, but photosynthesis increased significantly, and it is regard to increasing of total chlorophyll content and number of stomata per area unit. Also seedlings root to shoot dry weight increased with CCC. Relative growth rate average of two cultivars decreased significantly in response to drought, especially in Zarrin cultivar In optimal humidity condition, Zarrin cultivar shows more growth and photosynthesis, but under water deficit, sardari is more tolerant, close the stomata for water maintaining, more resistant to nonstomatallimitation factors and can return to normal condition after dewatering. Chlorocholine chloride can help seedling to grow vigorously to resist with drought.

Allwlopathic potential of some species of cruciferae family including, Cardaria draba, Brassica deflexed and Brassica napus on two ornamental plants of Mathiola incana and Amaranth us caudatus was studied. Plants body of cruciferae family individually was dried at 60C and then ground. Each of plant’s powder was used for producing extraction with 10%(w/v) concentration and extracts passed trough two layers of steril cloth to remove all of debries. The extracts were centrifuged at low speed(3000 rounds / minute) for 45minutes.The supernatant was passed through Watt man filter paper for complete filtration. Concentrations with 2.5 and 5%were prepared of extracts and double distilled water was used as control. The experiment was carried as factorial abd traetments were applied in RCBD with 3 replications. Factores and their levels were such as: cruciferae family plant (3 levels) , ornamental plant (2 levels) and extract concentration (4 levels) .The results showed that cruciferae family plants had significant effect on germination percentage and radicle length .With increasing extract concentration, germination percentage, radicle and hypocotyle length of both test plants were significantly reduced and radicle growth in compared to hypocotyle was more inhibited. Negative allelopathic effects on Mathiola incana growth parameters were greater than Amaranth us caudatus.

In this survey flora of protected region of Lashkardar has been studied. Lashkardar region suited in the east and southeast of Malayer city in Harnadan province. The method of plant collection in this region was classical method of regional plant taxonomic studies. Collected plants were recognized and determined families, genera and species of them by using of indispensable references. Alphabetically list of taxa in regions was provided on the base of families, genera and species. Collected plants are conserved in Herbarium of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan and herbarium of lsfahan University. The life form of plant species was determined by using of Raunkier’s method. Endemic species of Iran in the studied region were determined by using of reference books and on the base of mCN classification and red data book of Iran and conservational class of plant, This survey showed in protected region of Lashkardar 43 families, 184 genera and 266 species are existed. Life forms of plants are including: 3% phanerophyte, 9% geophyte, 50% hemicryptophyte, 8% chamephyte and 30% therophyte.

In order to investigate the effect of cutting at different phonological stages and seed planting with pod and without on quantity and quality yield in Medicago scuellata cv. Robinson an experiment was conducted. Treatment were arranged in a split plot and compared through a completely randomised blok design. Ineach replication the main plot were with pod and without pod and subplot were cutting at different phenological stages (Initial flowering, %50 flowering and completed flowering).Results showrd that forage cuting at Initial flowering and %50 flowering stages decreased seed bank of soil %16.3 and % 19.2 respectfully, relative to cutting at Initial flowering. Total dry matter in cutting at different phonological stages was no significant (%1) . Protein percentage in seed planting in with pod was better than seed planting without pod and cutting at initial flowering relative to cutting %50 flowering and completed flowering is better. Planting seeds with pod causes more stability in seed bank of soil and more success in Ley- farming system.

Field experiment was conducted in 2002 at Shirvan area to evaluate multispecies competition of weeds with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its effects on wheat yield and its components. Sampling was done by a quadrate (50cm × 50cm), randomly. To determine effective weeds on wheat yield, l/W and l/LnW regression models showed better fit to data. Results showed that despite presence of Avena ludoviciana, Erysimum cheiranthoides, Polygonum avicular, Rapistrum rugosum, Chenopodium album, Salsola kali, and Sonchus sp. in the field, only Avena ludoviciana, Salsola kali, and Rapistrum rugosum had significant reduction effects on wheat yield and reduced number of fertile tiller and number of seed per m2but had no effect on 1000-seedweight and harvest index.

intentional Center of Sciences, High technology and Environmental Sciences. Kerman-lran. Reduction in ozone layer and increase in ultraviolet radiation which reach the earth surface has been the subject of many researchers. In this study the effects of UV-A, UV-B and UV-C bands of ultraviolet on some growth parameter of colza’s seedling were investigated shoot length, root length, shoot and root dry weight were measured. Other parameter which were the subject of measurement in this experiments were, chlorophyll a,-b and total chlorophyll, carotenoids, reducing sugar content of root and shoot and compound which absorb UV (flavonoids and anthocyanins). In this investigation we found that shoot and root length, dry weight of shoot and root, which were irradiated either with UV-B or UV-C reduced significantly when compared with control. However leaf area in UV-B UV-C did not reduced significantly but dry weight did not decrease which possibly is indication of UV-absorbing compound which concentrated in leaf. Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content in those plants which treated with UV (specially UV-B and UV-C) reduce significantly in comparison with control. Reduction in reducing sugar specially in stem irradiated with UV could well be the indication of reduction in photosynthesis rate. In root we did not observe significant difference in reducing sugar. Measurement of compounds which absorb UV including flavonoids and anthoyanins showed that these compounds increased when plant irradiated with UV light specially in UV-B and UV-C treated plants.