JOURNAL OF CROP BREEDING
Year:2016 | Volume:8 | Issue:17|Papers Count:21

Hybrid technology is very successful in increasing rice yield. Genetic map of fertility restorer genes using STS markers linked to fertility gene in F2 population from parental plants (IR58025A) and Amol-2 in rice was studied. Present work was conducted in biotechnology laboratory of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2010. In current study 20 SSR markers and two STS marker were used. RG140, RM49, RM243, RM23, RM302, RM580, RM244, RM311, RM171 and RM228 showed polymorphism, while, RM128, RM104, RM258, RM84, RM269, RM3510, RM271, RM294, S10019 did not showed polymorphism.RG140, RM490, RM243 and RM23 by using Join Map Software have been grouped in one linkage group and RM244, RM311 in another group The fertility gene was mapped between RG140 and RM490 with 1 cM distance to RG140 and the distance of fertility gene to RM490 was obtained 15 cM and the other gene (Rf4) was mapped between RM244, RM311 with 7 cM distance to RM244.

This study was conducted to evaluate the drought tolerance of new sugar beet monogerm hybrids. In order to select promising drought tolerant hybrids, two separate field experiments were conducted based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications on 25 genotypes of sugar beet (23 new monogerm hybrids and two tolerant and normal controls) at Motahari Research Station, Kamal Shahr, Karaj, in 2012. Irrigation was done routinely up to the thinning and weeding stage. Subsequent irrigations were done after 90 mm and 200 mm evaporation from the class A evaporation pan in non-stress and stress conditions, respectively.The measured traits included root yield, sugar content, sugar yield, sodium content, potassium content, alpha-amino nitrogen content, alkalinity, molasses sugar, white sugar yield and extraction coefficient of sugar. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes for all of the traits under drought stress. According to the results of the stepwise regression analysis, more than 99 percent of white sugar yield variation was explained by root yield, sugar content, sodium content and potassium content in drought stress conditions. Also, according to the results of the cluster analysis, the genotypes were classified in four groups under drought stress condition among which the first group including the genotypes 25, 20 and 3 were identified as superior group in terms of yield and quality. Finally, the hybrids 20, 3, 8, 18, 7, 13 and 19, which were superior in terms of stress tolerance index (STI) and also in terms of yield traits in stress condition, were introduced as the most drought tolerant hybrids.

Transcription factors (TFs) are master regulators that control gene clusters Plant bZIP (basic region/leucine zipper) transcription factors play crucial roles in biological processes. The Tomato genome sequence contains 73 genes of bZIP transcription factors. The bZIPs in tomato have never been classified. In this study, 73 genes of bZIP transcription factors were classified in 11 groups by their DNA-binding domains, conserved motifs and phylogeny results. Some bZIP proteins were not classified into any group. The cold-sensitive tomato cultivar (S. lycopersicon cv. Moneymaker) and cold-tolerant of the wild tomato species (S. habrochaites, LA1777) were compared for analyzing gene expression of three slbZIP genes (Solyc06g074320, Solyc01g109880 and Solyc10g085210) in root under sub-optimal temperature (15oC) and normal temperature (23oC). Our results show that Solyc06g074320gene was induced less than Solyc01g109880 and Solyc10g085210 genes under sub-optimal temperature in tomato root. The results of this work will be for understanding bZIP relationships and important starting point for functional analysis.

Salinity of water and soil resources is one of the most important problems of farming especially in arid and semi arid regions. Gradual soil salinity is an important issue in many regions of the world especially in Iran. Salinity is lead to reducing the growth and yield of crop productions. Plant breeders search for an appropriate breeding method to produce salt tolerance plants due to major problems that soil salinity causes for production. Selection of an appropriate breeding method is depends on breadth of information about genetical controller systems in desired trait. Identifying gens that cause resistance or tolerance and determining the effects of these gens during salinity stress is very important. There are several biometric methods that plant breeders used to investigate the genetics of plants. The most common methods (designs) used in plant breeding experiments are North Carolina, generation mean analysis, triple test cross method, diallel cross method and line x tester analysis. In this study a review has been made to investigate the genetics of salinity tolerance in different crops. Moreover, the results of these analyses were reviewed according to their applied aspects.

Confectionery sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the valuable crops which less is known about its variability. Fifty sunflower populations have been gathered from different regions of Iran and evaluated for agro-morphological traits in completely randomized design with 10 repetitions under pot conditions. The twenty traits including days from planting to flowering, days from planting to physiological maturity, number of leaves, leaf length, petiole length, leaf width, plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, shoot dried weight, head dried weight, aerial part dried weight, harvest index, 100-seed weight, single seed weight, dehulled kernel weight, dehulled kernel weight to whole kernel, seed length, seed width, and seed dried weight per plant were evaluated.Analysis of variance showed that there is a meaningful difference between all traits except for single seed weight and stem diameter. The highest positive correlation (0.95) was observed between single seed weight and dehulled kernel weight and the highest negative one (-0.61) was observed between number of leaves and harvest index. Principal component analysis decreased the studied variables to six components with the cumulative variance of 81%. Cluster analysis with Ward method classified them into four different groups. The maximum distance was observed between genotypes of groups 1 and 4 as well as 3 and 4. The comparison of trait means in groups resulted from cluster analysis by Tukey’s test demonstrated that the populations in the first group have the maximum values for most of the studied traits and populations in the fourth group have the minimum values and therefore they can be used for choosing appropriate parents in crossing programs.

This research was conducted to investigate the relationship between different traits, detecting factors affecting this relationship and to identify components of seed yield in canola under drought and normal conditions. Twenty eight canola cultivars were evaluated for morphological, agronomic and physiological traits under water stress and normal irrigation according to a randomized block design at Isfahan University of Technology research farm during 2008-09. Results showed that proline content had significant correlation (0.42) with seed yield under drought stress and possibly can be used as an indirect selection index for drought tolerance. In non-stress condition seed yield had significantly positive correlation with traits number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, number of pods per unit area while in stress condition no correlation was found between yield and number of pods per plant. Relative water content (RWC) was positively correlated with seed yield in both moisture environments. Stepwise regression revealed that number of seed per pod, number of pod per unit area and 1000-seed weight had the greatest contribution in justifying seed yield under non-stress condition. Under drought condition, 1000- seed weight, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod and days to heading had the greatest contribution. Cluster analysis based on all measured traits under non-stress and stress conditions divided cultivars into three groups. Cultivars which had the most genetic distance could be used as an appropriate candidate for breeding programs to improve and produce new cultivars with higher drought tolerance.

Henbane lattice (Hyoscyamus reticulatus L.), is one of the most important medicinal herbs of the solanaceae family which due to having Tropane alkaloids, frequently used in medicinal industry. Medicinal plant Regeneration, proliferation and In vitro ploidy induction are one of the interesting issues in biotechnology and plant tissue culture. This study was arranged as a completely randomized factorial design with Two Factors, BAP in three levels (0, 4.4, 8.8 mM) and IAA in three levels (0, 1.1, 2.2m) with three replications. Then, In vitro polyploidy induction in regenerated plants was surveyed by 5 different concentrations of colchicine at (0.00, 0.05, 0.1and 0.2 %) at various exposure times (24, 48 and 72 h). in order to determining plant ploidy level, microscopic, flow cytometry and chromosome counting were performed. The results showed that after six months; the best results (13.13 plantlet in each explants) were obtained in 8.8 mM BAP combined with 2.2 mM IAA. Flow cytometry study results showed that highest polyploid plants (72%) were obtained in 0.1% colchicine with 48 h exposure times.Polyploidy induction was associated with significant changes in plant characteristics. The chromosome number of diploid plants was 2n=2x=34 and in tetraploid plants was 2n=4x =68. Therefore, can say that colchicine effectively induce polyploidy in the plant.

Plants are usually exposed to a range of environmental stresses. These stresses have undesirable effects on survival create growth, quantity and quality of agriculture products. Chilling stress is one of them that can damage cereals at the reproductive stage. The aim of present study was investigation of chilling effects on physiological traits, plant pigments (total, a and b chlorophyll and Carotenoid), proline content and ion leakage at reproductive stage under artificial conditions. To reach to this aim na experiment with 20 bread wheat cultivars with four levels of chilling stress (+8 (control), +2, 0, -2 Celsius) using factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design was implemented. Results of variance analysis showed that cold levels, cultivars and effects of interaction signification at the 1% level. Comparison of means effects of interaction showed that the tolerant cultivars have little cell membrane leakage and more plant pigments and proline content at different levels of artificial chilling stress. Oroom and Aflak were known as the most tolerant cultivars and Line A and Mv17 as the most susceptible cultivars According to these criteria. Totally, this research showed that ion leakage, plant pigments and proline content can suitable traits for assessment of chilling stress.

In this study, twenty barley lines and cultivars were studied using randomized complete block design with three replications in eight cold regions of Iran, including Arak, Ardebil, Hamedan, Jolge rokh, Karaj, Mashhad, Tabriz and Miandoab for two cropping seasons during 2010-2012.Simple and combined analyses of variance were performed over the data collected from different regions. The genotype x environment effect found to be significant; hence, the homogeneity of error variance of different sites was tested by Bartlett's test. Maximum yield were belong to the lines EC86-14 and EC88-08 genotypes. In this study, two multivariate statistical methods i.e. AMMI and GGEBiplot were applied to investigate the stability of genotypes. Considering the significance of the first component of the Model 1 biplot (AMMI_1), the line numbers G14 and G4 showed the highest levels of stability and performance among the genotypes studied. Study of the second Biplot model analyzed using AMMI (AMMI_2) showed that the genotypes G1, G3, and G10 had higher general stability whereas specific adaptation was observed for the genotype G8 and G2 in the location E7 (Tabriz) and genotypes G16, G5 and G18, in the location E6 (Mashhad). Biplot polygon obtained using GGEBiplot analysis revealed that each of the environments E1 (Arak), E5 (Karaj) and E7 (Tabriz) and the environment E2 (Ardebil) and E4 (Jolge rokh) could be considered as and mega environment. Miandoab was the closest site studied nearby the ideal environment. In the genotypes G19 and G7 genotypes with the lowest distance from the stability line, have been identified to have high levels of stability.

Genotype by environment interaction creates intricacy in yield prediction and is a challenge in agronomy and plant breeding. In order to assess yield stability of eight bread wheat genotypes in eight environments (four years under normal and drought stress conditions), eight randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted out in Kerman. Results analyzed as a combined design. Environment, genotypes and genotype by environment interaction were highly significant. Significant interaction pointed out different yield stability of evaluated cultivars.Stability was evaluated using environmental variance, coefficient of variation, Wricke's ecovalence, Shukla's stability variance, regression slope, deviation from regression slope, Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and AMMI Stability Value (ASV). Azar 2 and Kavir cultivars with high ranks in univariate stability parameters and the lowest ASV considered as the most stable genotypes. Shiraz was the most unstable cultivar in all univariate and multivariate methods. Considering mean over four years, Mahdavi and Shiraz had the highest yield performance in drought stress and normal conditions, respectively.

Using the genetic diversity of crop cultivars to improve crop resistance against various biotic and abiotic stresses is effective way to develop sustainable agriculture. Therefore, aimed to investigate the effect of cultivar type as well as introduce the most important traits related to competitive ability of sunflower cultivars against tumble pigweed, a factorial experiment with three replications was at the agricultural research station, University of Birjand during 2012. Experimental treatment included six cultivars of oily sunflower (Azargol, Syrna, Farukh, Jame Isfahan, Progress and Euroflor) and two different densities of tumble pigweed (zero and 15 plant/m2). ANOVA results showed that there was a remarkable genetical diversity among studied cultivars and significant reductions in studied traits values observed where tumble pigweed was present. Moreover, there were significant positive correlations between traits such as leaf area index, plant height, the rate of leaf area and height development, relative growth rate, seed yield, etc. with the tolerance index.Factor analysis also identified 5 factor groups which justified 79% of the variations. Overall, Jame Isfahan showed the greatest competitive ability against tumble pigweed compared with other studied cultivars.

In order to study the yield stability, 10 open pollinating (OP) sunflower cultivars were evaluated in 6 locations, including Qom, Gonbad, Esfahan, Eslam abad, Karaj and Shahrood in 2012. At each location, experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The homogeneity of error variances was tested using Bartlett test and the results showed that the variances were homogeneous and can be combined for the analysis of data. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes, there is a one percent probability level. Analysis of variance showed that genotype × environment interaction was significant at the one percent level. This indicates that different genotypes have different performance. Environment effect was a significant at the one percent level and accounted the highest level of the total sum of squares. Based on the coefficient of variance and environmental variance methods, R453, Berezance, Favorit and Zaria cultivars were considered sustainable while also showed good performances. Shukla’s variance analysis showed that, cultivars Favorit, R453 and Zaria had above average performance and were the most stable genotypes. On the other hand, Bulg3, Bulg5 and Sor cultivars were low stabilities through this method. According to Wricke’s echovalance, R453, Record, Favorit and Zaria had lowest ranks respectively all high performing genotypes except Record showed good stability the results of Tai analysis; Zaria and Record had moderate stability.

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between a repulsion molecular marker with resistance to rhizomania in infested field condition and virus concentration in sugar beet root (ELISA absorbance values). For this purpose, the genotypes were planted in infested area of Shiraz in the randomized block design with four replications. At the end of the season, the roots were harvested and root disease scores were assigned for each plot and also for three single roots per plot for 16 selected genotypes. Also, leaf and root samples were taken from the plants and then in laboratory, root samples were extracted and tested by ELISA method and DNA extraction was done on leaf samples for molecular analysis. In next step, primer related to a repulsion marker was tested on single plants DNAs by RAPD-PCR method and scored according to presence and absence of marker band. Then, analysis of variance, genotypes grouping and cluster analysis were done for field resistance and ELISA data. The genotypes were classified into some groups based on ELISA absorbance values and root severity index in the field and also based on cluster analysis were classified into four groups: resistant, semi resistant, semi susceptible and very susceptible. Then, the relationship between the results of the marker, ELISA and severity of root infection in the field were investigated as pairwise comparison. The results showed that agreements between the marker and ELISA, the marker and field resistance and ELISA and field resistance were 85, 86 and 80 percent respectively. In totally, molecular marker, ELISA and field data confirmed each other.

The eight SSR′s and 15 RAPD′s primers were used to investigate of genetic diversity and relationship between 20 winter rapeseed genotype. Totally 164 bands were detected from Which 154 were polymorphic. The RAPD primers namely Oligo-670 with 16 bands showed the highest number of detected bands. The mount of Nei′s, Shanon and PIC index for Na12-B02, Ni4-B03, OL10-G04, Oligo-543 and Oligo-670 indicated that theses SSR and RAPD markers could be used to assessment of genetic variation. The result of cluster analysis using UPGMA algorithms clustered 20 studied genotype in 5 distinct groups with 2, 7, 5, 4 and 2 genotype in respected group. Discriminant function analysis using the Fisher′s linear method showed that the UPGMA method separated the genotypes with 70 percent accuracy.

To study determination of the most traits affecting grain yield in segregation populations of lentil, two F3 populations derived from crosses Lc74-1-5-1´L3685 (first population) and Lc74- 1-5-1´Qazvin (second population) were evaluated. According to the results of stepwise regression number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant, 100- seed weight, plant height and number of leaflets leaflets (in the first population) and number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight and seed diameter (in the second population) were the most important traits for explaining the variation in yield. Sequential path coefficient analysis showed that in the first stage of the chain, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant and 100- seed weight in both populations, number of leaflet and plant height in the first population and seed diameter in the second population had directly influence on seed yield. In the second stage of the chain, the number of primary branches and days to maturity in both populations and plant height in the second population with direct effects on traits such as seed number per plant, number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight were indirectly effective on yield. One reason for the high similarity of the relationship between traits in the two populations is probably genetically background of their common parent (L3685 Line). Therefore, based on these results, number of seed per plant, number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight could be introduced as the most important traits affecting the grain yield of both two populations and could be considered for improving grain yield.

In order to evaluate the stability and response of advanced lines of grass pea under rainfed conditions, fourteen lines were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications at three research stations located in Khoram Abad, Kermanshah and Gachsaran during 2005-2008. Based on combined ANOVA analysis the effects of line, year x location, line × location and line x year x location were significant. Forage yield stability has determined by some parameters including Eberhart & Russell, Wrick’s eco-valance, Finlay and Wilkinson, coefficient of variance, stability variance, sum rank and yield stability. Based on Eberhart and Russell parameter the lines 6, 10, 13 and 2 were identified as stable lines. The regression coefficient of lines 1, 2, 5, 9.12 and 14 were equivalent b=1. Based on Wrick’s eco-valance and stability variance parameters, the lowest values were related to lines 6, 7, 1 and 2. Based on coefficient of variance the lines 1, 5, 9 and 12 had higher stability. In the terms of sum rank lines 1, 9 and 12, were selected as desirable lines. Also, in yield stability method the lines 3, 9, 5 and 12 had the most stability. Despite the differences in the results of various stability parameters, lines 1 (Sel.515), 5 (Sel.689) and 9 (Sel.554) with averages forage yields of 5459.70, 5669.19 and 5687.85 kg/h were identified as stable lines as well as adapted to rainfed conditions.

Isoflavonoids are a group of flavonoid compound which produced from flavanon precursors in legums, by isoflavone synthase (IFS) enzyme. The most important isoflavonoids finding in soybean are genistein and daidzein that have many medicinal impacts. Investigations have revealed that regularly using these compounds lowered the risk to come down with hormonerelated cancers, besides menopausal symptoms and reduction in osteoprosis, balance in cholesterol bloods level, improving in heart-coronary diseases are benefits that are related to using these compounds. In this investigation in order to isolate isoflavone synthase, at first total RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized, subsequently. IFS gene was isolated and subjected to PCR by specific primers which have the HindIII and XbaI at their 5′ ends.Subsequently, amplified gene after extracting on agarose gel was cloned in restriction site of XbaI/HnidIII of pET28a+. At the last step, recombinant plasmids were approved by PCR and enzymatic digestion. Finally, the mentioned vector can be used either as an expression vector in prokaryotic hosts or introduced into plants by agrobacterium or gene gun-mediated transformations.

In order to investigate of genetic diversity and association analysis SSR markers and related traits to cold tolerance in rice, 22 rice genotypes including 10 landrace and improved and 12 foreign genotypes and 21 SSR markers were used. In total, 89 alleles were found. The number of alleles at each locus ranged from 2 to 7. The highest number of alleles was observed in primer RM8231 and minimum number of alleles in primer RM119. The maximum of polymorphic information content (0.7486) was related to RM8231 and the lowest (0.2573) was related to RM7424. The gene diversity rate varied between the lowest value is 0.2777 (RM7424) to the maximum value 0.78 to (RM8231). The used microsatellites revealed relatively high polymorphism and suggest theses loci have high potential in distinction of genotypes. The association analysis based on stepwise regression of SSR data and phenotypic data identified totally 14 positive and informative alleles for length and weight of root and stem under normal and stress condition. The highest coefficient and determination under stress was found for root length with two alleles of RM1337-A and RM5774-C. Also no alleles were detected associated with root weight under stress. The identified informative markers in the present study can be used for breeding projects if confirmed in subsequent experiments.

Synthetic seeds can use as tool for applied biotechnology methods for improve the quality and increase the production of sunflower. Shoot tips excised from in vitro proliferated shoots were encapsulated in calcium alginate beads. The best gel complexation was achieved using 3% sodium alginate and 100 mM CaCl2.2H2O. Maximum percentage response for conversion of encapsulated shoot tips into plantlets was 100% after 4 wk of culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without plant growth regulators. The regrowth ability of encapsulated shoot tips was affected by the concentration of sodium alginate and the presence or absence of MS nutrients and plant growth regulator in calcium alginate beads. Plantlets with well-developed shoot and roots were transferred to pots containing an autoclaved mixture of cocopeate, perlite and peat moss (1: 1: 1). Encapsulation of vegetative propagules in calcium alginate beads can be used as an alternative to synthetic seeds derived from somatic embryos.

Rice is a worldwide important grain crop, which is considered as the main food and most important source of providing protein and calories for people in the world. Correlation analysis of different traits and yield components with the grain yield is a very important issue in the selection and breeding programs of genotypes. The experiment was performed in the form of completely randomized blocks design with three replications using 24 native and modified genotypes of Northern rice. Grain yield had a significant positive correlation with the total number of tiller, the number of filled seeds, days to 50% of flowering, the total number of grains, fertile seed number, hollow seed number, raw grain length, amylose content and gelatinization temperature. The grain yield had a negative significant relationship with the amount of pods heading and grain elongation. The Path analysis of seed yield and its components showed that the plant weight had respectively the highest direct impact on grain yield (+0.746). The results of this study indicated that the traits such as plant weight, the number of filled seeds and seed length can be introduced as selection criteria for improved grain yield in rice.

For evaluation of spring wheat cultivars using drought resistance indices, two separately experiments were done in split plot basis of Random Complete Block Design with four replications. This research was done with complete irrigation (control) and drought stress that start before and after of booting stage in research farm of Agriculture Faculty, University of Tabriz. Basis grain yield in irrigation (Yp) and stress condition (Ys), calculated quantitative resistance indices such as: TOL, MP, GMP, STI, ATI, SSI, YI, DI, YSI, HM and MSTI (K1STI and K2STI). Yield correlation analysis showed that the best resistance indices have positive correlation with grain yield under irrigation and drought stress were MP, GMP, STI and HM for two experiments. According to this resistance indices and high yield in irrigation and drought stress conditions and with using of 3-Dimensional diagrams, Kavir, Niknejhad, Moghan3, Darya and Marvdasht for drought stress after booting stage and Kavir, Niknejhad, Darya and Moghan3 for drought stress before booting stage were the most tolerant cultivars. Whereas, the most sensitive cultivars for drought stress after booting stage were Bahar, Sivand, Pars and Bam and Bahar and Pishtaz were the most sensitive cultivars for drought stress before booting stage.Diagram of multivariate biplot showed that forenamed cultivars were near to vectors of MP, GMP, STI and HM indices. So, distribution of cultivars in biplot-space showed that genetically variation between cultivars. Cluster analysis confirmed those results.