JOURNAL OF CROP PRODUCTION RESEARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES IN PLANT SCIENCES)
Year:2012 | Volume:4 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

Thyme plants are considered as one of the most widely consumed with having essential oils and secondary metabolites and valuable medicinal plants in the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the performance of native wild specie (kotchyanus boiss.) and agronomic specie (Thymus vulgaris) in field condition. By introducing the production potential of new species could prevent the import of foreign species such as Thymus vulgaris. The exprimental design was conducted with three levels of nitrogen ferti-lizer (75, 150 and 225 kg/ha) and control (No fertilizer) with three replications as factorial in the basis of randomized complete blocks design. Effects of different levels of nitrogen and interaction effect of experi-mental factors on stem diameter, plant fresh and dry weight, essential oil percent and essential oil yield were significant. The mean comparison results indicated that, the essential oil percentage for Thymus kotschaynus and Thymus vulgaris were 0.83% and 0.33% alternatively. The highest essential oil yield for Thymus vulgaris and Thymus kotschaynus gained 30.6 and 3.53 kg/ha subsequently. So as the result of some measured traits signification, the ability of Kotchyanus specie to adaptation was showed and wide researches on different aspects of this plant is nessesory in long terms.

This study was conducted to evaluate 13 new triticale genotypes based on yield and nutritive value traits using RCBD with three replications at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute Karaj, Iran in 2008-2009 cropping seasons. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences (p<0.01) for grain filling period, thousand kernel weight, number of seed per spike, biological yield, chlorophyl content and plant height. Chemical composition (Dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ash, crude fat, calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen-free extract) according to standard methods (AOAC, 2000), sugar and total starch with chemical method, some anti-nutritional substances of 13 lines of triticale was measured. The results showed that the average and range changes values of anti-nutritional compounds in the thirteen lines of triticale, total b-glucan, soluble b-glucan, insoluble b-glucan, total arabinoxylane, soluble fiber, insoluble fiber and total soluble and insoluble fiber were respectively 0.950, 0.018, 0.931, 3.98, 1.14, 18.75 and 19.89 percent. The measurement of anti-nutritional compounds (Total b-glucan and total arabinoxylane), showed that the total amount of arabinoxylane obtained more than the total amount of b-glucan so the arabinoxylane is the most important and most anti-nutritional compoundsl in triticale. According to the final results the experimental genotype no. 5 (ET-82-15) had highest grain yield and lowest Arabinoxylane so selected for Onfarm trials.

Planting pattern through changing in vegetative growth and beneficiary by environmental factors effect on safflower yield and yield components. In order to evaluate the effect of rows spacing and planting density on yield and yield components of two safflower cultivars, this study carried out in split plot factorial experiment on base of randomized completely blocks design with three replications at Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Karaj branch in March 2011. The main plot was rows spacing in three levels (30, 45 cm in flat planting and 60 cm in bed planting) and sub plots were cultivars in two levels (L5 and Goldasht) and plant density in two levels (35 and 45 plants.m-2). Measured traits include seed yield, number of stem.plant-1, Number of head. Plant-1, number of seed. Head-1 and 1000 seed weight. The results indicate that rows spacing had no significant effect on number of stem. Plant-1, number of head. plant-1, number of seed. Head-1 and 1000 seed weight. But seed yield decreased by increase in row spacing. Plant density had no significant effect on number of stem. Plant-1, number of seed. head-1 and 1000 seed weight, but had significant effect (P<0.05) on number of head. Plant-1 and significant effect (P<0/01) on seed yield. Also plant density had significant effect (P<0.05) on number of head. plant-1. 1000 seed weight increased by increase in plant density, but seed yield, number of stem. plant-1, number of head. Plant-1 and number of seed. Head-1 decreased by increase in plant density. Highest level of seed yield obtained in 30 cm row space and 35 plants. m-2 in L5 cultivar with 5804.30 kg/ha. Lowest level of seed yield obtained in 60 cm row space and 45 plants. m-2 in L5 cultivar with 1685.78 kg/ha. As for optimum effect of safflower evenly dispensation in unit area and adaptation in bed planting method, it seems that this planting pattern would be suitable for spring planting of safflower under conditions similar to this experiment.

In order to study the changes in time and extent of the decrease in plant density impact quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet, this study was carried out in Agricultural Research Station of Kamalabad at Karaj region, Iran in 2011 as a factorial study on the basis of a Randomized Complete Blocks Design with four replications. The time of the thinning included four levels of 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after planting (DAP) and the factor of the extent of the thinning included six levels of control (no variation) and the removal of 25, 33, 50, 67 and 75% of the plants. The quantitative and qualitative traits of the crop were measured at the end of growing season. It was found that the time and extent of plants removal significantly influenced root yield and white sugar yield at 1% probability level. In terms the effect of the thinning time, the delay in it resulted in gradual loss of root and sugar yield although no significant difference was observed in root yield between the levels of plants removal 90 and 120 DAP. However, the root yield 77.32 t.ha-1 was obtained from the treatment of plants removal 30 DAP, whereas white sugar yield was higher at the levels of plants removal 30 and 60 DAP than at the levels of plants removal 90 and 120 DAP with no significant differences among them. The highest white sugar yield (7.4-7.9 t.ha-1) was obtained from the treatments of plants removal 30 to 60 DAP and the delay in plants removal up to 90-120 DAP, on average, resulted in the significant loss of white sugar yield by 1.375 and 1.082 t.ha-1, respectively. In terms the effect of the extent of thinning too, its increase brought about the loss of root and white sugar yield of sugar beets. In total, the loss of root yield rate was not proportional with the extent of thinning. In fact, as 19.91, 25.84, 36.84, 58.60 and 68.48% of the plants were removed from the plants, root yield was decreased by 14.39, 12.13, 19.81, 28.67 and 42.44%, respectively showing that sugar beets had 5.51-29.93% compensating capability of the vacant spaces resulted from the plants removal.

In order to identify traits affecting yield and determination the relationship between yield and other traits based on morphological, physiological and phonological characteristics of 13 early repining corn hybrids, an experiment were conducted using a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2011 in Moghan region. Variance analysis results showed significant differences in all of the measured traits except day to tasseling stage and leaf width. Maximum grain yield were observed in 10 (KE 76.112´K 1264/5-1) and 11 (KE 76.121´K 1264/5-1) hybrids, 13.63 and 13.58 ton ha-1, respectively. Multiple regression results showed, seed in rows of ear, 1000 seed weight, days to silk appearance and protein percent traits had most relationships with grain yield by maximum regression coefficients. 1000 seeds weight as yield components traits was the most effective characteristics to seed yield, and this trait had positive undirected effect (0.0048) by days to silking stage. Seed number in rows of ear had most positive direct and lateral branches of tassel had most indirect positive effect on grain yield. Hybrids classified in two groups based on Cluster analysis (In Ward method and standard data) and second cluster was superior to others except in seed number in row trait.

Grain weight is regarded as one of the important factors on wheat genotypes, on the other hand this factor is related to the provided assimilates (or sources), especially in first stages of growth, and too it’s dependent to the capacity and capability of growing grains (sinks) in storing assimilates. Allocating higher level of assimilates to the economical sources or grains is one of the efficient way to achieve a high proceed in wheat genotypes. To investigate the effect of source restriction on qualitative features of five bread wheat cultivars (Kavir, Navid, Alvand, Norstar, gaspard) containing different growth habit (spring, facultative and winter) an experiment at the 1390-91. Cropping cycle strip split plot (Plot receiver band split in the number of treatments and resource constraints) based on randomised completely block design (RCBD) with three replications implemented on agricultural research station of West Islamabad in Kermanshah. The evaluated traits were thousand kernel weight, grain crude protein percentage in grains, grain starch and grain crude fiber, number of grains and their weight on spikes and the proceed. Analysis of variances and comparison of means using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (5%) ascertain that the resources constraints generate a meaningful influence on decrement of cultivars’ proceed. Also, cultivars have significant differences with each other according to their proceeding. While the most proceeding correspond to the Gaspard the least proceeding was seen in the Norstar. Furthermore, Results show that the cultivars have significant differences regarding to the number of grains per spike and their weights. Seems that the winter cultivars have a high level of crude protein and low level of starch due to their growth delay in ripening. However, the source constraints caused the decrease of many evaluated factors.

In order to evaluate the effect of Fe and Zn foliar application in marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) on yield and essense production, the investigation was performed in complete randomized blocks design by 2 factores (Fe, Zn) with 3 replication in 2011 in shahrekord, Iran. The results showed that Fe and Zn had the significant effectiveness on many characteres contain carotenoids, flavonoids, poly phenols, length and width of leaves, height of plant, number of flowers, weight of shoot and root. Interaction effect of 2ppm Zn and Fe was the best and produced the best amounts in most of measured characters. The most amounts carotenoids, flavonoids, poly phenols was 0.3, 49.7 and 80 ppm in flower dry matter respectively. The most width of leaves (3.5 cm), number of harvested flower (Harvest 1: 4000, harvest 2: 7000, harvest 3: 6800), length of stem (30 cm), dry weight of leaf (0.35 g), dry weight of root (0.33 gr) produced by2 ppm of Fe and Zn consumption.

In order to evaluate the effect of different levels and methods of using Salicylhydroxamic Acid (SHAM) on yield and yield components of safflower, an experiment was conducted in Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran, in 2011-2012 growing season. Factorial experiment was carried out in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. SHAM chemical substance was used for safflower in two methods including, seed priming (Seed preparation before planting) and plant spraying in anthesis stage. The results of the experiment showed that effect of seed priming was significant on all components of yield of safflower. Also, the results of experiment showed that the impact of using SHAM by plant spraying on the number of seeds in tray (Antodium) and diameter of tray and economic yield was significant on the level of one percent, while its impact on the number of branches per plant and number of tray (Antodium) per plant was significant on the level of five percent. Finally, the results of this experiment indicated positive effects of using Salicylhydroxamic Acid (SHAM) on the yield and yield components of safflower in both methods of its application by preventing the wasting of Photosynthesis energy.