DYNAMIC AGRICULTURE
Year:2009 | Volume:5 | Issue:4 (ANIMAL SCIENCE)|Papers Count:8

This Research was conducted in 2007 at Animal Science Research Institute of Iran in order to study the effect of steam pressure on nutritive value of Palm date leaves under various contrrolled conditions of time (120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 secondes) and moisture (30, 40, 50 and 60 perecent) with pressure of 20 atmosphere using a completely randomized design factorial model with three replications. The chemical composition, in vitro gas production and in situ degradability of cell wall were significantly influenced by different levels of moisture and reaction time and also their interactions (P<0.05). The content of lignin increased considerably because of lignin like productions compared with other cell wall constituents. Steam treatment also increased water soluble carbohydrate content from 4.85% (control) to 8.05 (50% moisture-240 seconds) but decreased with prolonged processing time. Total extractable phenolics increased considerabley from 3.61% (control) to 5.99 (40 moisture and 300 seconds). Increased harshness of treatment resulted in dry matter loss. The greatest amount of dry matter loss was related to sample inclusion 30% moisture and treated 360 seconds. NDF content also decreased. however it was increased in some of the treatments with harshness of treatment. The content of ADF increased significantly as compared with the control. Finally the samples treated under 40%-180 (moisture-reaction time) was considered as the selected treatment because of the highest amount of gas production from in vitro gas test method.

The specific aim of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of three microbial feed additives (Bioplus-2B, Yeast and Protexin) on ostrich chick’s performance that to six weeks in completely randomized design arrangement in 10 treatments, 3 replicates and 30 pens. any pen contained 5 black neck ostrich chicks. Treatments contained 3 levels of Bioplus-2B (0.04, 0.08, 0.12), 3 levels of Protexin (0.01, 0.02, 0.03), 3 levels of yeast as saccharomyces Cervisiae (0.1, 0.2, 0.3) and one level of control that the latter was without Probiotics. At the end of the study for body weight to be compared with the control, groups that consumed Bioplus 2B in 0.04 percent and yeast in 0.1and 0.3 percent level had significantly highest weight. in comparison of feed consumption, results showed that group of Protexin 0.03 percent was lessen significantly to control feed consumption. Groups of consumer of 0.1 and 0.3 percent yeast and 0.04 percent Bioplus -2B have a better feed conversion ratio in relation to the control group. The results of this study have shown that the groups receiving 0.4 percent Bioplus -2B or 0.1 percent yeast or 0.03 percent protexin may be recummended for improving ostrich chick’s yield.

This research was done to investigate the influence of exclosure (for 5 years) and grazing (continuous grazing) on the organic carbon content and soil bulk density in the central Albors south slopes rangelands in the spring of 1383. Using VAL. BL. And CRUM methods, organic carbon and soil bulk density was calculated. The soil organic carbon in grazing conditions in the depth of zero to 20 centimeters was higher (55.9 ton per hectare) showing significant differences in 5% level while in the depth of 20 to 50 centimeters (67.3 ton per hectare for grazing and 63.8 ton per hectare for exclosure) no significant differences was seen in 5% level. The soil carbon content up to the depth of 50 centimeters was 123.2 ton per hectare in grazing conditions and 108.2 ton per hectare in exclosure conditions. In exclosure conditions the amount is less, that showed significant differences between grazing and exclosure conditions in 5% level.

Arab horse is one of the popular pure breed in Iran that is registered by World Arabian Horse Organization (WA. H. O.). In this research 13 conformation traits were studied on a random sample of the Iranian Arab horses. Animal model with Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DF-REML) approach and DF-REML software were used to estimate variance components of traits. Mean of the inbreeding coefficient for the population under study was 2.12 percentage The inbreeding coefficient of each horse was considered as a covariate. The effect of inbreeding on the whithers height (P<0.01), mid body, croup height and fore and back canon bones circumference was significant (P<0.05). The lowest and highest heritability were equal to (0.050±0.008) and (0.614±0.087) and related to neck length and croup height respectively. This research was done at Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr Branch in (2007).

The purpose of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for production body weight at birth, weaning, 6, 12, 18 months of age and greasy fleece weight at 18 months of age and ewe composite reproduction total number of lambs born and weaned, and total weight of lambs weaned per ewes joined over three parities traits for Baluchi sheep born from 1973 to 1998. Data consisted of 12328 lambs descending from 229 rams and 3677 ewes. Least-squares means for body weight at birth, weaning, 6, 12 and 18 months of age and greasy fleece weight at 18 months of age were 4.28±0.67 kg, 22.65±4.55 kg, 31.07±5.43 kg, 37.80±6.65 kg and 44.75±4.50 kg and 2.23±0.45 kg, respectively. These means for ewe composite reproduction traits were 3.08±0.79 lambs and 2.75±0.86 lambs and 61.99±19.31 kg, for total number of lambs born and weaned, and total weight of lambs weaned per ewes joined over three parities, respectively. Variance components resulting from direct additive genetic effects, maternal additive genetic effects, maternal permanent environmental effects, as well as, the covariance between direct and maternal additive genetic effects for production traits and direct additive genetic effects for ewe composite reproduction traits were estimated by REML procedures, fitting an animal models. In addition to the direct additive genetic effects, maternal additive genetic effects, maternal permanent environmental effects and covariance between direct and maternal additive genetic effects were important for body weight at birth, weaning and 6 months of age. The direct heritability (h2a), maternal heritability (h2m), maternal permanent environmental variance as a proportion of phenotypic variance (c2) and correlation between direct and maternal additive genetic effects (ram) were 0.125±0.020, 0.080±0.017, 0.110±0.015 and 0.473 for birth weight, 0.067±0.017, 0.035±0.015, 0.099±0.015 and 0.345 for weaning weight, and 0.109±0.022, 0.020±0.015, 0.047±0.019 and 0.904 for body weight at 6 months of age, respectively. For body weight at 12 months of age, besides the direct additive genetic effects, maternal additive genetic effects and covariance between these two effects were important. The direct and maternal heritability and correlation between direct and maternal additive genetic effects of this trait were found to be 0.247±0.045, 0.021±0.016 and 0.646, respectively. For body weight and greasy fleece weight at 18 months of age only direct additive genetic effects were important. On the basis of this model, direct heritability for these two traits were 0.322±0.150 and 0.142±0.033, respectively. Direct additive genetic variance for ewe composite reproduction traits were law. The corresponding estimates of direct heritabilites were 0.0106±0.035, 0.0079±0.035 and 0.0239±0.038, for total number of lambs born and weaned, and total weight of lambs weaned per ewes joined over three parities, respectively. The results of this study indicated that direct seletion for body weight at early stage of life, can improve ewe composite reproduction traits.

In order to examine and investigate the xylanase and bmannanase enzymes effects on broiler chick's performance, 360 commercial hybrid of Ross were used in experiment. This experiment was carried out in 42 days in experimental farm of varamin azad university- Faculty of agriculture in 2007. The broiler chicks were allocated randomly in 8 groups in 24 pens with 15 chicks in each pen as a complete randomized design on basis of Factorial 2x2x2. (In two levels of metabolizable energy and two types of enzymes in two different levels). Each treatment fed with especial ration from day one. Daily weight gain (G), feed intake (FI) and Feed conversion ration (FCR) were measured weekly (3, 4, 5, and 6). The results obtained from this experiment indicated that metabolizable energy (ME) levels had no effect on FCR and FI, but high ME levels had significant effect on G and caused it to increase. bmannanase enzyme existence had increasing effect on FI and G more than other enzymes, and in examining the interaction between ME and enzyme, the results indicated that in most of the cases, treatments which had xylanase enzyme in low level of ME, caused intake to decrease and treatment which had bmannanase enzyme in low level of ME, caused FI to increase. Metabolizable energy, enzyme existence and the interaction between them had no significant effect on the mortality.

The current study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of in ovo feeding on growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. At 16 d of incubation, 400 fertile eggs were weighed and divided into 4 treatments with 4 replicates per treatment and 25 eggs per replicate. On day 17.5 of incubation, a carbohydrate solution (including 25 g of maltose/L, 25 g of sucrose/L, 200 g of dextrin/L, and 5 g of NaCl/L) was injected into amniotic fluid of eggs in two of treatments (1 ml/egg) and other two treatments were not injected but were subjected to the same handling procedures as the injected treatments. Percentage hatchability was calculated and body weights of hatched chicks were recorded after hatch and then chicks were transferred to research farm. Two groups of injected and non-injected chicks were held for 12 h without access to feed, whereas two others (injected and non-injected groups) received feed upon arrival at the farm. At d 2 posthatch, jejunum samples were taken for morphological examination. In ovo administration of carbohydrates increased hatching weights and chick: egg weight ratio (P<0.01). In ovo injection of carbohydrates ameliorated adverse affects of delayed access to feed on breast meat (P<0.05) and thigh yield (P<0.01). Early access to feed significantly increased weight gain and feed intake during 1-21 days but not during 21-42 days. The in ovo feeding treatment had no significant effects on chick weight gain and feed intake during different periods (P>0.05). Feed conversion ratio was not significantly affected by in ovo feeding or early feeding treatments (P>0.05). In ovo feeding significantly enhanced villus height and surface area and intestinal maltase activity at d 2 posthatch (P<0.05). Results of this study showed that in ovo administration of the carbohydrates could, to some extent compensate adverse effects of delayed access to feed, whereas in ovo feeding and short time delayed access to feed had no significant effects on subsequent performance of the chicks.

The experiment was conducted with broiler to evaluate morphology transformed small intestinal due to influence of the levels of feed form and nutrients or metabolizable energy (ME) in broiler diets.800 male Ross-308 broiler chicks were used. They were divided into 4 treatment groups of 25 randomly selected birds and 8 replications, and were housed in 32 pen floors, with controlled temperature and humidity at the rear parts, for 42 days. By termination of the nurturing, when the chicks come of 42 days old, 4 birds per pen were randomly selected and slaughtered. the small intestine was removed immediately and samples 3 centimeter in length were taken from the intestinal wall, 15 centimeter distal of the Meckel, s diverticulum, for measuring morphological characteristics. The results of experiment shown that nutrients and metabolizable energy requirement differences significantly effect the villus heights, crypt depts. , and villus widths (duodenums, jejunums and ileums) of small intestinal of broiler chicks. Pellet diets proved significant effect on the morphology of 3 parts of small intestines. Experiments showed that nutrients and metabolizable energy levels did not effect the morphology of duodenum small intestinal villus except ileum.