NEW FINDINGS IN AGRICULTURE
Year:2011 | Volume:5 | Issue:4 (20)|Papers Count:8

In order to study the effects of planting pattern and nitrogen amounts and their interaction on yield and yield components of spring safflower cultivar IL 111 in Eghlid Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Station was done in split plots as a randomized complete block design with 15 treatments and 3 replications during 2008-2009. The main plots were planting pattern (row distance 30, 45 and 60 cm) and sub plots were five levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 Kg/ha of pure nitrogen) as urea. In this study some plant properties such as seed yield, seed number in head, the number of head in plant, 1000 seed weight, oil seed percent, oil seed yield, biological yield, seed protein percent and leaf nitrogen percent were measured. The results show the highest seed yield (2229 kg/ha) and the highest oil yield (691 kg/ha) were made with 60 cm row distance and 80 kg/ha of pure nitrogen, That was 54 and 59.2 percent higher than control. The highest number of seed in head (88.67) that was the most important yield component was obtained from 60cm row distance and 80 kg/ha of pure nitrogen. The highest oil seed percent (31.7) was obtained from 60cm row distance and 40 kg/ha of pure nitrogen and highest protein seed percent (14.62) was obtained from 60cm row distance and 160 kg/ha of pure nitrogen. The difference between oil and protein percent show an opposite relation when increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels. By considering the our results, 60cm row distance and 80 kg/ha of pure nitrogen for this safflower cultivar in similar conditions to the experiment is suitable.

In order to determine relationship of leaf chlorophyll concentration and yield and quality using chlorophyll meter in sugar beet research was conducted using various levels of nitrogen fertilizer during different growth stages of sugar beet plants on research farm of Sugar beet Institute located in Karaj Kamal- Abad during 2007, design based on Randomized Complete Blocks in four replications. Five level pre-sowing nitrogen from the source of urea was applied in amounts of 0 (as control), 120, 160, 200 and 240 kg/h. Chlorophyll concentration leaf blade number 5 was measured by chlorophyll meter (SPAD) at 12-15 leaf stage. In the same leaves, concentrations of nitrogen (by Kjeldahl method) was measured. The results showed that moreover 50% of the variability in yield is explained by the SPAD reading in the growth stages 12-15 leaf in sugar beet. SPAD value was, also related whit N concentration and a- amino N in root. The highest SPAD reading showed maximum a- amino N in root. Nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on the chlorophyll meter reading. The least number read from SPAD was 38, which associated with no-applied nitrogen treatment. Highest yield of root (ton / hac) in this experiment was related to with N160, which the number read from the chlorophyll meter in levele was equal with 41.2. According to the obtained results, therefore, whit further research chlorophyll meter (SPAD) can be used as a simple rapid and non- destructive and may be useful to predict yield and may be a useful tool determine which field to harvest late in season.

Early, fast and uniform seed germination results in favorable emergence and greater early vigor, which in turn leads to more radiation interception and higher yield. In order to investigation of effectives of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and different times of disinfestations on wheat seed of infection to Aspergillus fungi, testing in the laboratory seed Technology in National Date Research center. This study was performed by factorial in random complete deign whit three block. These treatments are utilized four concentrations 2, 4, 6, 8 sodium hypochlorite percentage and four times 2, 5, 7, 10 min and two witness (healthy seed and lack of infection and infection seed to Aspergillus fungi and without treatment). The results of variance analyzing indicated that there was significant (p<0.05) effectives of concentration and times of utilized sodium hypochlorite on length rootlet, length shoot let, dry weight shoot let, dry weight rootlet. The most length is rootlet concerned to concentration 4% and length shoot let is concerned to concentration 6%, 7 min and dry weight shoot let and dry weight rootlet are concerned to concentration 8%, 5 min. It was concluded that it is possible to use the concentrations differences found in this research to improve the components of germination under suboptimal temperatures and it is also possible to improve the base and optimal temperatures in wheat.

In order to assessment of the effects of dual inoculation of bio-and chemical  fertilizers on agronomical traits and oil percentage in sunflower, a field experimentl was carried out as factorial based on complete randomized block design with three replicates in the research station of Islamic Azad University- Arak Branch, Iran in 2011. Experimental factors were Nitroxin in two levels of with and without seed inoculation, Barvar 2 in two levels of with and without seed inoculation N and P fertilizers in four levels of control (without application of fertilizer), 150 kg ha-1 N +75 kg ha-1 P, 100 kg ha-1 N +50 kg ha-1 P, 50 kg ha-1 N +25 kg ha-1 P. Results showed that application of 100 kg ha-1 N +50 kg ha-1 P increased grain yield and oil percentage by 11 and 2.8% as compared with control respectively. Seed inoculation with biofertilizers increased grain yield by 18% as compared with control. Maximum of oil percentage equal 46.38% was obtained from interaction effects 100 kg ha-1 N +50 kg ha-1 P and seed inoculation with Nitroxin. the highest grain yield equal 4599.71 kg ha-1 was obtained from 150 kg ha-1 N +75 kg ha-1 P along with biofertilizers, that with treatment of 100 kg ha-1 N +50 kg ha-1 P and seed inoculation of Nitroxin with grain yield equal 4371.10 kg ha-1 was not significant. In general seems that application of 100 kg ha-1 N +50 kg ha-1 P along with Nitroxin and Barvar 2 can obtain acceptable yield.

This experiment was conducted in the research station of Islamic Azad University- Arak Branch, Iran in 2009-2010. The experimental design was split plot factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. The treatments including of water deficit stress in three levels: complete irrigation, cut-irrigation at milk stage and Cut-irrigation at dough stage in were assigned to main spilt and salicylic acid (without and with using equal to 1 Mm as seed priming) and cultivars including of Alvand and Shahriar as factorial were randomized to sub plot. Results showed that cut-irrigation at milk and dough stage reduced grain yield by %24 and %15 respectively. Application of salicylic acid in complete irrigation, cut-irrigation at milk and dough stage increased grain yield by 7.2, 7 and 8.7%. Effects threefold of treatments showed that, highest grain yield equal 3698kg ha-1 obtained from interaction of complete irrigation, with salicylic acid and Alvand cultivar, but in condition of cut-irrigation highest grain yield equal 3378 kg ha-1 obtained from interaction of cut- irrigation at dough stage, with salicylic acid and shahriar cultivar. The results of experiment showed that salicylic acid application may be decreased effects of water deficit.

To study the effect of Phosphorus solublizing bacteria (PSB) and zinc sulfate utilization on yield and yield components of potato cultivars this experiment was done in potato fields at Tooreh village in Sarband, Markazi province at 2010. Treatments were consisted of two potato cultivars “Agria and Markyz” in main plots and utilization and non utilization of zinc sulfate and with and four levels Phosphorus solublizing bacteria were in sub plots. Experiment model was spilt factorial in three replicates at 2010. Treatments were two potato cultivars Agria and Markyz, and two levels of Zink foliar application and without and phosphorus utilization in four levels included 100 kg/ha triple super phosphate, Triple super phosphate 100 kg/ha and PSB bacteria, PSB alone, and 50 kg/ha triple super phosphate with PSB. The results showed that the biomass yield, plant height, potato tubers numbers per plant and tuber yield had significant difference by applied experiment treatments. The results also suggest that all potato traits studied were significant advantages compared to Markyz to control. In all cases of PSB utilization with chemical phosphorus fertilizer we observed that potato characteristics were improved. Agria was more sensitive than Markyz about phosphate availability. In low phosphate condition, Markyze potato tubes dry weight was reduced from 81 to 51 g. this changes was from 66 to 54 g for Agria cultivar too.

To find the most suitable planting time, irrigation method, plant pattern and their effect on tuber yield of potato varieties, strip split plot experiment was done in a complete randomized block design with three replicates in Jiroft, Iran in 2008-2009 planting season. Treatments were irrigation method at vertical factor in two level sprinkle and dripping irrigation, planting time an main: horizon in two levels night and day irrigation plant pattern an lateral horizon factor in three level planting row intervals 75cm and plant interval 20cm, planting row intervals 70cm and planting interval 21.5cm and planting row intervals 65cm and plant interval 23cm and finally potato varieties were lateral factor in two levels, Vergo and Sante. Results showed that irrigation method had significant effect on tuber yield and water was efficiency at 0.01 and on tuber number and tuber mean weight at 0.05 also on plant pattern had significant effect. Tuber yield, biomass weight and water use efficiency at 0.01 Variety effect on all elements was significant at 0.01. Treatment of drip irrigation method had the most tuber yield with 50014 Kg/h which it was more than sprinkle irrigation method with 22037 Kg/h. Day irrigation had more yield in comparison with high irrigation. The treatment of sante variety with trickle and day irrigation and plant pattern of 65×23cm, had the most yield with 5547 kg/h and it is recommended for this region.

In order to investigate Silicon and potassium application facts on lodging related characteristics and quantity yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.) Tarom Hashemi variety, an experiment was carried out at split-plot in randomized complete block design with four replications at Mazandaran province in 2010. Main factor was silicon rates in four levels including 0, 250, 500 and 750 kg Si ha-1 and subfactor was potassium rates in four levels including 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg K ha-1. Results showed that the all of traits except panicle length, fourth internode length, fourth internode bending moment and harvest index significantly (p£0.01; p£0.05) at the silicon rates. Also stem length, plant height, fourth internode length, fourth internode bending moment, fertile tiller number, grain yield and harvest index significantly (p£0.01; p£0.05) at the potassium rates. None of the investigated traits, not significantly (p£0.01; p£0.05) at silicon rates x potassium rates. The maximum of grain yield (612 g.m-2) obtained on 750 kg Si ha-1, because most of the tiller number per hill and fertile tiller number due this treatment. The least of the fourth internode bending moment obtained in 90 kg K ha-1. Most of the fertile tiller number, grain yield (575.3 g.m-2) and harvest index (35.6 %) was produced in 90 kg K ha-1. Grain yield had been positive correlation with total tiller number per hill and fertile tiller number. Harvest index had been positive correlation with flag leaf length, fertile tiller number and grain yield. Therefore, 750 kg Si ha-1 and 90 kg K ha-1 due to as most of yield components, grain yield and harvest index introduced the best of treatment.