JOURNAL OF LESAN MOBEEN
Year:2011 | Volume:2 | Issue:1|Papers Count:11

Literary critics have always been searching criteria for evaluating literary works. Ancient philosophers, Aristotle and Plato took the first steps. In Islamic literature, Abdul Ghāher Georjāni is the most significant scholar who developed an integrated and advanced theory based on his opinions and thoughts called "The Verse Teory". The term "Aesthetica" was coined in the second half of 18 century by the German philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgartner. Benedetti Croce, Italian critic; and I.A. Richards, the British critic and poet, also explored this subject.There are common point of views among these three remarkable critics including unity of structure, evaluation of the content upon the basis of verse and structure of the language, the belief m form and content being intertwined, unity or thought and fantasy in artistic creation, harmony of meaning with the rhythm, and inseparability of common and artistic presentations. This paper intends to explore aesthetic components of rhetoric in the opinions of Abdol ghaher and the two western critics by discussing the similarities and differences of their theories.

This paper starts with an introduction to the concept of "Ghazal" and its literal meaning. Through studying the Persian Ghazal from aspects such as origin, structure, themes, and their development, the author answers the question, "Has the Persian literature been influenced by Arabic language, literature and culture, particularly during the first centuries after It emerged?

Syntax, science of recitation and interpretation are among the Islamic research that developed after the revelation of Koran; the syntactic analysis of each ayah is of great importance among Koranic scholars. Of the many scholars Ibn Anbār and Ab ul Baghah Akbari who wrote "Ghareeb I'rab Al Qur'an" and "Emla Ma Men Beh Al Rahman" respectively, strived to illuminate this path for the posterity by producing great Koranic works. These two scholars app1iedsimilar methods especially in dealing with syntax.Their differences lie in minor issues such as words' origin, religious jurisprudence and interpretation. This paper sets out to give a short account of the history of syntax, then introduces the two mentioned scholars by analyzing their writing methods in the stated books. At the end the two Koranic works are compared to reflect their differences.

Persian literature as one of the richest literatures of the world has bestowed a great many valuable works on humankind in philosophical, moral and spiritual areas. Various books and papers III the mentioned areas explain the very fact that not only our pioneers have played their roles successfully but also contemporary Persian literary men have done their utmost in this regard. Thus we do not intend to revise the works of scholars who wrote in Persian.However, due to several cultural and political factors, we have rarely dealt with Arabic works by Persian scholars.This paper studies Abul Fat' h Bosta, one of the committed literary men during the reign of Ghaznavids in Khorasan. Although trusted by kings Saboktakeen and his son Mahmud, he opposed the court corruption and especially the flatters. This resistance brought about his elimination from author and eventually led to his death in exile. His philosophy is then taken into consideration.

In recent years, stylistics has featured prominently in linguistic studies. Stylistic researchers generally employ rhetoric and linguistics to study literary styles. The Holy Koran as the epitome of rhetoric continues to De the center of attention among literary experts, researchers, and linguists. The present paper aims to analyze the chapter of Maryam via linguistics, stylistics, and rhetoric, from the point of view of the lexical relationships, synonymy, homonymy, repetition, characters, pluralization, use of definite and indefinite nouns, interrogatives and phonetics. In this chapter, all the words are properly placed. Words are expressed in an indefinite form when the intention is exaggeration' and in a definite form if the intention is apposition. To show the gloomy aspects of the story of the Virgin Marry, the chapter mostly uses long vowels.

In the poetry of Shareef Razee some ancient Arabic words such as woman, wine and journey to the desert has been employed like that of Sufic symbols for example love of a woman is not a materialistic love but an indication of love for the Supreme Being.What justifies this claim is the distance mentioned between the lover and the beloved, a distance that is far out of sight-reach but can be only felt in heart. Journey to the desert for the praised love demonstrates man's journey to the earthly world, from birth to death. In fact it is the journey of the self through the labyrinthine and painful passages where it finally leads to God and wine is also a symbol of divine love and mortality. The pot' s strong beliefs in Islam and its percepts negates his alacrity to alcohol, therefore the use of wine at the beginning of some of his poetry signifies other reasons; like Sufis, he employs reconciliation of opposites such as drunkenness and soberness, primary and secondary.Introducing Shareef Razee as one of the Important poets of Sufism is not the intension of this paper; however it seeks to show part of Sufis' thoughts that has made its way to his poetry. It should be noted that he was a student to a great poet of Sufic thoughts, Mobtani.

In Arabic sources Iranians are portrayed as justice seekers, opposing cruelty which has sometimes turn into exaggeration. What is certain in these sources is the validity of relevant reports something that is hardly found concerning other nations. Thus seeking justice can be considered as one of the important characteristics of Pre-Islamic Iranians. There is, however a great deal of controversy concerning the texts to which this view IS true.This article aims to reveal this significant part of Iranian ancient civilization in Arabic sources.

The present paper is on a second Hegira poet, Sophyān Ibn Mosab Abdi. The paper proves that lie is the very person emphasized by Imam Sadegh to the point that Shia has been encouraged to teach his poetry to their children.Clarifying the poet's place and status, hadiths related to Imam Ali's leadership, the place of Ahle- Beiyt, the motifs used by the poet particularly his mentioning and praising the characteristics of Ahle-Beiyt has been taken into account.

Presence of animals in Koranic stories along with human characters has fascinated so many people yet casting doubts on some. Although animals are different in kid’s, they have the gift of communication which is understood by those people who are able to understand their dialogues. The difference between man and animal is in their quality of speech and that's why the language of each group of creatures is different from the others for they belong to different group and society. Animals' dialogue in the Koran is considered important for several reasons: 1.Tlirough the use of dialogue they have been given human characteristics.2. Dialogues convey valuable learning. These dialogues fall into four categories: 1. Animals and Human beings 2. Animals and Animals 3. God and Animals 4. Animals and Goo. Taking the story of Solomon as an example, dialogue plays an important element in literary and artistic aspects by presenting the stage and characters, lowering the literal tension, showing conflicts, and informing the reader.

Aesha is one of the honorable Arab poets known as the Arab Harper due to his skills in poetry writing. He has tried his hand on almost all poetic subjects mostly praising someone.The poems were his source of money making and the themes are related to the Pre-Islamic era. Like Abbasid's poets he exaggerated in his praises and compliments. He surpasses other poets of the period in using wine and satire. Great deal of his lyrics are categorize as physica1 and materialistic. According to researches his poetry is sometimes expressed in narrative form and never guards against using Persian, Roman and Ethiopian words. The use of simple words, melodic rhythms, colorful imagery, honest emotion, lengthy poetry, conveying many historical events, constant use of figures of speech such arrangement of adjectives and abstraction, quotation, and digression. The present paper endeavors to demonstrate the innovation present in dealing with different subjects by tracing the themes and features used in his poetry.

An aspect of innovation in contemporary Persian and Arabic poetry is the application of myth. Thus far, myth has developed along with history and literature and has enriched literary works.Ahmad. Shamloo and Adonis have been especially successful in employing myths. They used myth as a source of inspiration and a means of beautification. The most important mythological themes in their poetry were love, death and resurrection, pain and suffering, defiance and confrontation, deviation and digression, homesickness and travel hardships, despair and helplessness, and so forth. It seems that inclination for change is the pivotal idea in Adonis' and Shamloo's poems and that they were reciprocally influential thanks to personal communication.