History of Islam and Iran
Year:2009 | Volume:19 | Issue:1 (75)|Papers Count:9

Tabriz, as the first capital of the Safavids, after transferring of the capital to Qazvin and Isfehan, still enjoyed of political and economic high position.But some factors and reasons including geographical situation, transferring of the capital, the Ottoman's attacks and natural disasters such as earthquake brought about deteriorating of its socio-economic situation. In fact, as consequences of this situation not only social and ethnic structure of Tabriz damaged, but also economic and military capacity of Tabriz weakened, to a degree that during the surrendering of Isfehan and collapse of the Safavids, it could not stand. This article studies the situation of Tabriz before and after transferring the capital to other cities and its situation at the time of collapse of the Safavids.

The Kurdish nomadic group in the pre-Islamic era and Early Islam were a large and effective group in the province of Fars. In the middle of the 5th century AH. under the leadership of Fozoliah a number of tribes united and organized an establishment under the title of Shabankareh. Shabankaregan, during the first years of the establishment ruled most part the province of Fars. In early 6th century AH one of the tribes that founded Shabankareh, Ismaelian, could establish a dynasty under the name of Muluk-e Shabankareh who could ruled part of Fars and Kerman for two and half centuries. This article will analyze all elements and factors which were influential in shaping of this dynasty.

During the reign of Nasher al-Din shah various factors caused crisis including urban unrest and socio-political uprisings which damaged seriously legitimacy of Naseri system. This paper will study management of this crisis adopted by Naseri State.The paper argues that as a result of social development and new kind of uprisings (new structure and demands) and inefficeincy of the traditional legitimate sources in this historical period there was no way except establishing of a new political system and modern institutions. In other was, modernization approach of Naser al- Din Shah was somehow to withstand legitimate crisis and restore authority and credibility of Naseri system.

After death of the First Shah Abbas and coming to power of Shah Safi as his successor, the Safavids confronted with all kinds of internal and external problems. These problems brought about weakening of the Safavids. External problems included two unintended wars with the Ottomans. The first one was attacking to Iravan and taking over part of Iravan and Cauasia and the second was raiding and destroying of Tabriz, both by the 4th Sultan Murad, but after 7 months Iravan was taken back by Qezelbah army. Since loosing Iravan was intolerable for the Ottoman, the 4th Sultan Murad once again with a large and sophisticated army attacked Baghdad and took over it. Consequently, while the Safavids admitted their defeat signed a peace treaty, called Zahab, with the ottomans, in other words, Iran lost Arab Iraq, as an important region, to the Ottomans. This paper will analyze the causes and effects of military expedition of the Ottomans to Iravan and Tabriz based on the Ottoman historical sources.

This article searches about the state’s house of justice containing and sense’s. the political activities and Olama went to Abdol-Azim shrine in response and protest to bastinado a couple of the merchant of sugar by the governor of Tehran – Mirza Ahmad Khan Alaal Doala – and “Masjede shah” incident. This movement in the history of constitutional Revolution became famous to the lesser migration. The sanctuaries drew the eight demands. They persist that the state approves demands. One of their demands was to establish of the house of justice. The shah decreed for establish of the house of justice. The researchers of the constitutional Revolution believers generally that the sanctuaries aim’s was ministry of justice. The writer of this article rejects this Idea and believes that aim of the house of justice was the national Consultative Assembly.

The Meds, as the first Iranian dynasty, had an important role in developing of other Iranian dynasties. For instance, they supported the Achemenids, and had gained important military and civil positions during this period. After collapse of the Achemenids by Alexander Macedonian, before the Partians rebelled against Macedonian and Seleucid, Aotorparts of Mede revolted against foreign enemy. Aotorpart, the Shahrban (chief of police) of the Acheminds- who as a member of the third Darush's army, fought against Alexander- after defeat of Darush prevented entering of Alexander and his successors to the north west of Mede (which under his name called Atorpatekan of Medes). He and his successors for a long time protected those Iranians who came to that land and joined the Partian movement against the Seleucids. This article studies the role of Meds in all important political process in ancient Iran.

This paper studies cultural policy of the First period of Pahlavi toward ethnic tribes in Iran. The author argues that the political system and cultural policy of the First Pahlavi, was based on establishing a central strong government, abolishing all kinds of varieties, acculturation and to enforce modernization. According to this policy, as the author discusses, the First Pahlavi strengthened urban settling among ethnic groups, promote progovernment tendency among them, to establish especial schools in order to train the tribal youths for the political system. The paper concludes that inspite of all these efforts, because of a number of factors including inefficiency of the administration, lack of enough state budget, deep root of tribal tradition, lack of knowledge of the government about tribal culture, dictatorial policy of the state, and resistance of the tribes, cultural policy of the First Pahlavi toward Iranian ethnic tribes was ineffective.